- 868studies on this subject, of 27,380 in the library
- 852peer-reviewed
- 1977–2026years published
- 43median usefulness score out of 100
These counts and lists are worked out from the library itself each time the page loads. A score rates how much weight a study can bear — its design, journal, evidence and recency — not whether its result is good news. How we score a study.
The 20 highest-scoring studies
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evoke and evoke+: design of two large-scale, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies evaluating efficacy, safety, and tolerability of semaglutide in early-stage symptomatic Alzheimer's disease
This paper sets out the design of evoke and evoke+, two large randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials of once-daily oral semaglutide versus placebo in people with early-stage symptomatic Alzheimer's disease. The trials enrolled participants between May 18, 2021, and September 8, 2023, to test efficacy, safety and tolerability. It is a design paper: it does not report whether semaglutide helped, so it should not be read as evidence that the drug works.
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Clonal hematopoiesis is associated with protection from Alzheimer's disease
Using blood DNA from 1,362 people with Alzheimer's and 4,368 without, researchers found that clonal hematopoiesis (CHIP), an expansion of mutated blood stem cells, was linked to a lower risk of Alzheimer's dementia (odds ratio 0.64). The same mutations turned up in a microglia-rich fraction of the brain in seven of eight carriers, and genetic analyses supported a possible causal link. The authors say further studies are needed but suggest CHIP may help lower Alzheimer's risk.
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Markers of microglia in post-mortem brain samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review
This systematic review searched Medline, Embase and PsychINFO up to 23 February 2017 for studies that measured markers of microglia, the brain's main immune cells, in post-mortem brain tissue from people with Alzheimer's disease compared with aged people without neurological disease. It found 113 such articles, and its aim was to test whether raised microglia markers are a consistent feature of Alzheimer's brains. It looks only at brain tissue after death and reports no treatment, cure or prevention.
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Minocycline reduces chronic microglial activation after brain trauma but increases neurodegeneration
In an experimental model, the antibiotic minocycline reduced chronic microglial activation after brain trauma but increased neurodegeneration. This suggests that simply suppressing microglia after injury may be harmful, but it is experimental work and does not establish a treatment for Alzheimer's disease.
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Neuroinflammatory fluid biomarkers in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a systematic literature review
Reviewing 54 studies, the authors found that inflammation markers in body fluids track different stages of Alzheimer's: spinal fluid YKL-40 was raised in Alzheimer's dementia, sTREM2 was more tied to early stages, and blood GFAP was raised both in dementia and in people with amyloid but no symptoms. Changes in blood GFAP over time appeared to predict cognitive decline. The authors say more long-term studies are needed before these markers are used routinely for diagnosis and monitoring.
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A randomized, open-label clinical trial in mild cognitive impairment with EGb 761 examining blood markers of inflammation and oxidative stress
This record describes an ongoing randomised, open-label trial of EGb 761 in people with mild cognitive impairment, testing its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on blood markers and whether these relate to cognitive decline. Inflammation is being measured with a panel of 92 proteins. Results are not reported in this record.
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Immune-related genetic enrichment in frontotemporal dementia: An analysis of genome-wide association studies
Pooling genome-wide association data (192,886 cases and controls in total), this study found that genetic variants linked to frontotemporal dementia (FTD) overlap strongly with those for several immune diseases: up to 270-fold enrichment with rheumatoid arthritis and 160- to 180-fold with ulcerative colitis, type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. The overlap was weaker or narrower in related conditions (PSP, CBD) and minimal in ALS, and the authors locate it "particularly within the HLA region." They conclude that immune dysfunction "may contribute to FTD risk" for a subset of patients. This is a genetic association in FTD, not Alzheimer's disease, and it does not test any treatment.
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Inflammation and white matter degeneration persist for years after a single traumatic brain injury
In 52 cases of traumatic brain injury with survivals from 10 hours to 47 years, this study examined the neuroinflammatory response and white matter degeneration over time. It links traumatic brain injury to later dementia risk and Alzheimer's-like pathologies but reports no treatment, cure or prevention for Alzheimer's disease.
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Parallel electrophysiological abnormalities due to COVID-19 infection and to Alzheimer's disease and related dementia
An expert panel reviewed evidence that brain-wave (EEG) changes after COVID-19, such as slowing and a reduced alpha rhythm, resemble those seen in early Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. They propose that both share inflammation, reactive astrocytes (support cells), low oxygen and blood vessel injury. Routine EEG might help flag Long COVID patients at risk of cognitive decline, though the authors say this still needs to be studied.
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Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia
Reports that activated microglia induce reactive astrocytes that are toxic to nerve cells. It describes how one kind of brain cell acts on another and does not test any treatment in people.
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Rapid appearance and local toxicity of amyloid-beta plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
In a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, this study investigated the timing between amyloid-beta plaque formation and neuronal abnormalities, including the uncertain role of microglia. These are animal findings on plaque development and do not establish a treatment, cure or prevention for Alzheimer's disease in people.
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Systematic review and meta-analysis of human transcriptomics reveals neuroinflammation, deficient energy metabolism, and proteostasis failure across neurodegeneration
Pooling 2600 human central nervous system samples from 26 Alzheimer's, 21 Lewy body disease and 13 ALS-FTD datasets, researchers found a shared gene activity pattern: immune and inflammation genes were turned up, while genes for mitochondrial energy production and protein clean-up were turned down. The authors suggest that neuroinflammation and failing energy and protein-disposal systems are consistent features across these different neurodegenerative diseases.
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Oral Health as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer Disease
Of 1962 studies assessed, 17 showed possible links between oral diseases and Alzheimer's, and the authors grouped the proposed explanations into 4 theories involving germs, inflammatory signals, APOE gene variants and Aβ. Inflammation caused by poor oral health was the common thread. However, the review found the evidence insufficient to prove a link, so better dental care as a way to prevent decline remains an idea for future research.
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Post hoc analysis of ADAMANT, a phase 2 clinical trial of active tau immunotherapy with AADvac1 in patients with Alzheimer's disease, positive for plasma p-tau217
In a later look at the ADAMANT trial, 137 of 196 participants with mild Alzheimer's had high blood p-tau217, and in this group the tau vaccine AADvac1 was safe and well tolerated. It reduced the build-up of the blood markers NfL by 56% and GFAP by 73%, but its edge on thinking and daily-living scores was not statistically significant. The authors call these results hypothesis-generating and say a larger trial is needed.
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Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease
Addresses neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. The inflammatory side of the disease is treated as something to investigate, and no treatment is tested here.
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Differential relationships of reactive astrocytes and microglia to fibrillar amyloid deposits in Alzheimer disease
This study examined brain tissue from 40 Alzheimer's patients and found that both astrocytes and microglia cluster around dense-core amyloid plaques, with different patterns of response. It describes brain pathology but does not test or report any treatment, cure, or prevention for Alzheimer's disease.
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Effects of diabetes on microglial physiology: a systematic review of in vitro, preclinical and clinical studies
Drawing on 267 studies in cells, animals and patients, this review describes how diabetes changes microglia, the immune cells of the brain and retina. Diabetes pushes microglia toward an activated state, with more inflammatory signals and oxidative stress, through pathways such as NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome. The authors offer it as a starting point for research on how metabolism affects these brain immune cells rather than as a treatment finding.
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A meta-analysis investigating the relationship between inflammation in autoimmune disease, elevated CRP, and the risk of dementia
This meta-analysis found that inflammatory bowel disease (odds ratio 1.91) and rheumatoid arthritis (1.90) were linked to a higher risk of dementia, as was high C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammation marker, in midlife (1.62). The authors say people with chronic inflammation showed a higher dementia risk and that better control of inflammation in people with chronic inflammatory or autoimmune conditions should be a priority. Tracking CRP over time might help estimate a person's risk.
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Association between Periodontal Disease and Cognitive Impairment in Adults
Across eleven observational studies, this review found that people with chronic gum disease (periodontitis) for at least eight years had a higher risk of cognitive decline and dementia, and that signs like gum inflammation and bone loss were associated with cognitive impairment. All included studies supported a link. However, how gum disease might lead to dementia is still unclear, so this shows an association rather than proof that treating gums prevents Alzheimer's.
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In vivo tau PET imaging in dementia: Pathophysiology, radiotracer quantification, and a systematic review of clinical findings
This review explains tau PET imaging, which shows tau tangles in living people, and summarises findings in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's and other dementias. Tau scans show consistent patterns that match tangle distribution seen after death and correlate with thinking ability; in Alzheimer's, signal is raised in the inferior temporal lobe and extends to frontal and parietal areas in more severe cases. The authors see a role for tau PET in telling dementias apart and call for longitudinal and validation studies.
See all 868 studies in Inflammation and the immune system, with filters →
Newest additions on this subject
- Molecular MRI of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease using a Folate-targeted Nanoprobe
- A Binding Site for CVN293 Reveals a Mechanism for Allosteric Control of THIK-1 K2P Channel Gating
- High-content imaging of live microglia-containing Alzheimer’s disease brain organoids
- Beyond reduced alpha power: a weaker temporal link between alpha and other brain rhythms in Alzheimer’s disease
- Astrocytic ablation of truncated TrkB receptors reduces amyloid plaques and prevents synaptic loss in 5xFAD mice
- Evidence that the perinatal maternal microbiome mediates metabolite signaling programs that drive sex-specific microglial metabolic alterations and Alzheimer’s disease susceptibility
- Pantethine and Neurodegeneration: A Coenzyme A-Centered Framework Linking Metabolism, Neuroinflammation, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction
- GPR6 Protects Medial Entorhinal Cortex in 5×FAD Mice from Early Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease
- Early Insulin Signaling Abnormalities and Oxidative Stress Responses in PS19 Tau Transgenic Mice
- Multi-omics framework prioritizes RNA Methylation Modification Genes in Alzheimer's Disease and Functional Validation of ZFP36 in Regulating Neuroinflammation
All 868 studies in Inflammation and the immune system, newest first →
What the library holds on this subject
By review status
| Status | Studies |
|---|---|
| Peer-reviewed | 852 |
| Preprint — not yet peer-reviewed | 16 |
By strength of evidence
| Rated in our summary | Studies |
|---|---|
| low | 769 |
| high | 54 |
| moderate | 31 |
| not rated | 14 |
Most frequent journals
| Journal | Studies |
|---|---|
| Journal of neuroinflammation | 20 |
| Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD | 17 |
| Acta neuropathologica | 16 |
| The Journal of biological chemistry | 16 |
| Neurobiology of aging | 15 |
| The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience | 15 |
| Glia | 13 |
| International journal of molecular sciences | 13 |
| International Journal of Molecular Sciences | 12 |
| Nature | 12 |
Studies by year published
| Year | Studies | Bar |
|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 61 | |
| 2025 | 144 | |
| 2024 | 25 | |
| 2023 | 41 | |
| 2022 | 39 | |
| 2021 | 44 | |
| 2020 | 36 | |
| 2019 | 33 | |
| 2018 | 27 | |
| 2017 | 40 | |
| 2016 | 35 | |
| 2015 | 43 | |
| 2014 | 19 | |
| 2013 | 22 | |
| 2012 | 15 | |
| 2011 | 12 | |
| 2010 | 22 | |
| 2009 | 18 | |
| 2008 | 18 | |
| 2007 | 13 | |
| 2006 | 19 | |
| 2005 | 14 | |
| 2004 | 16 | |
| 2003 | 10 | |
| 2002 | 15 | |
| 2001 | 17 | |
| 2000 | 7 | |
| 1999 | 11 | |
| 1998 | 7 | |
| 1997 | 7 | |
| 1996 | 6 | |
| 1995 | 7 | |
| 1994 | 3 | |
| 1993 | 3 | |
| 1992 | 4 | |
| 1991 | 2 | |
| 1990 | 5 | |
| 1989 | 2 | |
| 1988 | 3 | |
| 1987 | 1 | |
| 1986 | 1 | |
| 1977 | 1 |
Counts the 868 studies with a usable publication date. The library is a large sample of published work, not a complete index, so these counts describe the library, not the whole field.
Other subjects in the library
- Getting a diagnosis
- Biomarkers
- Clinical trials
- Prevention and risk
- Caregiving
- How common it is
- Costs and economics
- Genetics
- Laboratory science
- Disease mechanisms
- Vascular contributions
- Prevention trials
- Clinical safety
- Health systems and care delivery
- End-of-life care
- Risk factors
- Digital health tools
- Treatments
- Disparities
- Mild cognitive impairment
- Risk genes beyond APOE
- Brain scans and imaging
- TREM2 and immune genetics
- Cognitive tests and assessment
- Lewy body dementia
- Down syndrome and Alzheimer's
- Long-term cohort studies
- Tau biomarkers
- Brain tissue and pathology
- Drug development
- Hippocampus size on brain scans