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16/100

⚠ Preprint — not yet peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 16 out of 100. Inflammation and the immune system

Topic: Inflammation, microglia and astrocytes

Plain-language summary

Microglial activation and FR expression in APP/PS1 and P301S transgenic mouse models of AD was measured using flow cytometry. A FR-targeted nanoprobe for mMRI was prepared by functionalizing high T1-relaxivity liposomal gadolinium nanoparticle with folic acid. Following intravenous injection, localization of the nanoprobe in the brains of aged transgenic and wild-type mice was measured using T1-weighted MRI. Post-mortem microscopy measured nanoprobe localization relative to microglia and amyloid pathology. In both mouse models, FRβ was significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated in pro-inflammatory microglia expressing TNF and IL-1β. The folate-targeted nanoprobe demonstrated MR signal enhancement in the cortical and hippocampal regions of transgenic mice but not in wild type mice; non-targeted nanoprobe control did not demonstrate signal enhancement in brain of transgenic mice. Microscopy confirmed colocalization of FR-targeted nanoprobe with IBA1-positive microglia/macrophages and amyloid plaques. Pro-inflammatory microglia exhibit elevated levels of FR, and its measurement by non-invasive mMRI is a promising marker of neuroinflammation in AD.

Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris

APA 7th

Badachhape, A. A., Bhandari, P., Khan, R., Bhavane, R., Menon, R., Parekh, P., et al. (2026). Molecular MRI of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease using a Folate-targeted Nanoprobe. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.27.761963

Vancouver

Badachhape AA, Bhandari P, Khan R, Bhavane R, Menon R, Parekh P, et al. Molecular MRI of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease using a Folate-targeted Nanoprobe. bioRxiv. 2026. doi:10.64898/2026.10.27.761963.

BibTeX

@article{badachhape2026-78820a75,
  author  = {Badachhape, A. A. and Bhandari, P. and Khan, R. and Bhavane, R. and Menon, R. and Parekh, P. and Admane, P. and Ngan, E. and others},
  title   = {{Molecular MRI of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease using a Folate-targeted Nanoprobe}},
  journal = {bioRxiv},
  year    = {2026},
  doi     = {10.64898/2026.10.27.761963},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.27.761963}
}

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How to read this study

Design: our record does not state a study design, so check the methods section of the original before weighing the result.
Size: the record gives no participant count. Look for one in the original before trusting a pattern.
Effect: the record gives no effect size, so the summary above cannot say how large any difference was.

What the evidence grade means here

This page is graded low. alzhub.org assigns the grade automatically from keywords in the abstract, not from reading the paper. Low means the abstract matched neither pattern. It is the default label, and it does not mean the work is poor; many sound lab and imaging papers land here. It can add at most 5 of the 100 points in the study score, and it is a label about design, not a verdict on whether the findings are true.

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Key findings

Microglial activation and FR expression in APP/PS1 and P301S transgenic mouse models of AD was measured using flow cytometry.
A FR-targeted nanoprobe for mMRI was prepared by functionalizing high T1-relaxivity liposomal gadolinium nanoparticle with folic acid.
Following intravenous injection, localization of the nanoprobe in the brains of aged transgenic and wild-type mice was measured using T1-weighted MRI.
Post-mortem microscopy measured nanoprobe localization relative to microglia and amyloid pathology.
In both mouse models, FRβ was significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated in pro-inflammatory microglia expressing TNF and IL-1β.

Study details

Evidence strengthLow

How this study scored 16/100

Preprint — not yet peer-reviewed. It scored 21 on the same rubric, but non-peer-reviewed sources are capped at 16, so it shows as 16. Scored zero for study design, sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomized / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on times cited, citations per year, impact for its field and year, cited by studies here, still being cited, senior author's track record, institution's track record and multicenter collaboration, so those were left out: it earned 13 of the 62 points we could judge it on, which is 21 out of 100.

Component	Points	Why
Journal tier	2 / 10	Tier 4 — not a peer-reviewed journal (bioRxiv)
Journal's citation record	0 / 4	Not a journal article, so the journal's record does not count
Study design	0 / 12	No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Strength of evidence	1 / 5	Rated “low” in our summary
Peer-review validation	4 / 10	Preprint — not yet peer-reviewed. Hosted on a preprint server.
How recent	5 / 5	2026 — within 1 year(s) of the newest study here
Sample size	0 / 4	Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Effect reported	0 / 3	No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Studied in people	0 / 3	Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Randomized / blinded	0 / 2	No randomization or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Times cited	— / 7	No citation count (not found in OpenAlex) — left out of this score
Citations per year	— / 5	No citation count or no year — left out of this score
Impact for its field and year	— / 6	No field-weighted citation impact (OpenAlex has none yet) — left out of this score
Cited by studies here	— / 6	Not yet checked against this library's citation graph — left out of this score
Still being cited	— / 4	No yearly citation counts — left out of this score
Senior author's track record	— / 4	Senior author's record not available — left out of this score
Institution's track record	— / 3	No institution listed in OpenAlex — left out of this score
Multicenter collaboration	— / 3	Institutions not listed — left out of this score
Indexed in PubMed	1 / 2	Not in PubMed, but has a DOI
Free to read	0 / 2	Behind a paywall — scores zero
Points	13 / 62	Scored on 12 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 13 of the 62 points we could judge it on is 21 out of 100.
Total	21 / 100	Capped to 16 because this is not a peer-reviewed article.

What each of these 20 components measures, and what this score is not →

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