Get help now — free helplines

You can call any of these for free. You do not need a diagnosis, an appointment, or a crisis to call — questions and plain exhaustion are reasons enough.

  • Alzheimer's Association 24/7 Helpline 800-272-3900 24 hours a day, 365 days a year Free, confidential support and information for people with dementia, caregivers, families and the public. Master's-level clinicians. Also Spanish.
  • 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline 988 24/7 Call or text 988, or chat at 988lifeline.org. For anyone in emotional distress or a mental-health crisis, including caregivers.
  • Alzheimer's Foundation of America (AFA) Helpline 866-232-8484 9:00 am - 9:00 pm ET, seven days a week Licensed social workers providing support, info and referrals. Also text message and web chat. Text: 646-586-5283

In a medical emergency, call 911. More numbers, and what each line does, on the help page.

These counts and lists are worked out from the library itself each time the page loads. A score rates how much weight a study can bear — its design, journal, evidence and recency — not whether its result is good news. How we score a study. For a plain-English guide to this subject, see Costs & economics.

The 20 highest-scoring studies

  1. Dementia Incidence, Burden and Cost of Care: A Filipino Community-Based Study Frontiers in public health · 2021-05-14 · · Peer-reviewed
  2. Long-term effectiveness of dopamine agonists and monoamine oxidase B inhibitors compared with levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD MED): a large, open-label, pragmatic randomised trial Lancet (London, England) · 2014-06-11 · · Peer-reviewed
  3. Effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions in delaying the institutionalization of patients with dementia: a meta-analysis Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2008-04-11 · · Peer-reviewed
  4. Adjusted-Dose Warfarin versus Aspirin for Preventing Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Annals of Internal Medicine · 2007-10-16 · · Peer-reviewed
  5. Economic Burden of Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review Value in health regional issues · 2023-11-14 · · Peer-reviewed
  6. Estimating the Effect of Hospital Admission on Health Care Outcomes and Spending Among Persons With Dementia : A Quasi-experimental Study Annals of internal medicine · 2026-06-09 · · Peer-reviewed

    In this analysis of Medicare beneficiaries with dementia who visited an emergency department, hospital admission was not linked to 30-day mortality or more inpatient days. Admission was linked to higher 30-day health care spending, so the findings concern costs and outcomes of hospital care rather than preventing or treating dementia.

  7. The economic burden of dementia in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): a systematic review BMJ global health · 2022-04-01 · · Peer-reviewed
  8. Advance care planning among Medicare beneficiaries with dementia undergoing surgery Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2021-05-20 · · Peer-reviewed
  9. Economic Impact of Dementia After Kidney Transplantation: A Matched Cohort Analysis Clinical transplantation · 2025-06-01 · · Peer-reviewed
  10. Association between chronic periodontitis and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a retrospective, population-based, matched-cohort study Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2017-08-08 · · Peer-reviewed
  11. Clinical Outcomes and Cost-Effectiveness of Collaborative Dementia Care: A Secondary Analysis of a Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial JAMA Network Open · 2024-07-01 · · Peer-reviewed

    In this secondary analysis of a cluster randomized clinical trial, participants receiving collaborative dementia care management showed significantly fewer behavioral and psychological symptoms, better mental health, and lower caregiver burden over 36 months. It addresses care outcomes and cost-effectiveness rather than curing or preventing Alzheimer's disease.

  12. Sleep apnea and the risk of dementia: a population-based 5-year follow-up study in Taiwan PloS one · 2013-10-24 · · Peer-reviewed
  13. Cohort Profile: The Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) International Journal of Epidemiology · 2021-12-13 · · Peer-reviewed
  14. Cognitive stimulation therapy for people with dementia: cost-effectiveness analysis The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2006-06-01 · · Peer-reviewed
  15. Health insurance status and the care of nursing home residents with advanced dementia JAMA internal medicine · 2013-01-01 · · Peer-reviewed
  16. Repetitive Traumatic Brain Injury Among Older Adults The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation · 2021-07-26 · · Peer-reviewed
  17. Association of Medicare bundled payment model with joint replacement care for people with dementia Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2022-05-30 · · Peer-reviewed
  18. Effects of metformin exposure on neurodegenerative diseases in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry · 2017-06-03 · · Peer-reviewed
  19. Cost-utility of a new psychosocial goal-setting and manualised support intervention for independence in dementia (NIDUS-Family) versus goal setting and routine care: an economic evaluation embedded within a randomised controlled trial The Lancet Healthy Longevity · 2025-02-17 · · Peer-reviewed

    In this economic evaluation within a randomized controlled trial of 302 people with dementia and their family carers, there was an 89% probability that NIDUS-Family was cost-effective compared with usual care from a health and social care perspective at both £20,000 and £30,000 decision thresholds, and an 87% probability from a societal perspective. It addresses cost-effectiveness of a psychosocial and behavioural intervention for goal attainment, not a cure or prevention of Alzheimer's disease.

  20. Cost of dementia in Medicare managed care: a systematic literature review The American journal of managed care · 2019-08-01 · · Peer-reviewed

See all 199 studies in Costs and economics, with filters →

Newest additions on this subject

All 199 studies in Costs and economics, newest first →

From across this subject

9 of the 199 studies in this subject, picked by a fixed rule (a hash of each study's address), not by score or date. The same 9 appear here every time.

What the library holds on this subject

By review status

StatusStudies
Peer-reviewed180
Preprint — not yet peer-reviewed14
Report — not peer-reviewed5

By usefulness score

Score bandStudies
70+17
50–6961
30–49102
Under 3019

By strength of evidence

Rated in our summaryStudies
low100
moderate69
high23
early4
preliminary2
not rated1

Most frequent journals

JournalStudies
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society15
medRxiv10
Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association9
Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD6
Neurology6
Health Technology Assessment4
Journal of Alzheimer's Disease4
The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences4
Aging & mental health3
Alzheimer's & Dementia3

Studies by year published

Costs and economics studies in the library by year published
YearStudiesBar
202626
202516
202416
20239
202215
202112
20209
201913
20185
20179
20165
20154
20149
20138
20125
20113
20102
20092
20084
20075
20064
20052
20043
20032
20022
20012
20001
19991
19981
19962
19911
19901

Counts the 199 studies with a usable publication date. The library is a large sample of published work, not a complete index, so these counts describe the library, not the whole field.

Other subjects in the library

All subjects, side by side →