Get help now — free helplines

You can call any of these for free. You do not need a diagnosis, an appointment, or a crisis to call — questions and plain exhaustion are reasons enough.

  • Alzheimer's Association 24/7 Helpline 800-272-3900 24 hours a day, 365 days a year Free, confidential support and information for people with dementia, caregivers, families and the public. Master's-level clinicians. Also Spanish.
  • 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline 988 24/7 Call or text 988, or chat at 988lifeline.org. For anyone in emotional distress or a mental-health crisis, including caregivers.
  • Alzheimer's Foundation of America (AFA) Helpline 866-232-8484 9:00 am - 9:00 pm ET, seven days a week Licensed social workers providing support, info and referrals. Also text message and web chat. Text: 646-586-5283

In a medical emergency, call 911. More numbers, and what each line does, on the help page.

Each study has a usefulness score out of 100 (rubric version 4.0). Tap a score to see what makes it up.

Highest usefulness score first. Studies without a score come last.

  1. Genetic contributions to variation in general cognitive function: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in the CHARGE consortium (N=53949)

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 86 out of 100. Molecular psychiatry 2015-02-03 Genetics

    General cognitive function is substantially heritable across the human life course from adolescence to old age.

  2. Polygenic scores and Mendelian randomization identify plasma proteins causally implicated in Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 84 out of 100. Frontiers in neuroscience 2024-07-23 Genetics

    We identified four plasma protein level PGSs that were significantly associated (FDR-adjusted p < 0.05) with LOAD in a meta-analysis of the discovery and replication cohorts: CX3CL1, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), TIE2, and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3).

  3. Alzheimer's disease genetic risk score and neuroimaging in the FINGER lifestyle trial

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 84 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2024-04-22 Prevention trials

    The APOE4 allele, but not AD-GRS, was associated with baseline lower hippocampus volume (β = -0.27, p = 0.001), greater amyloid deposition (β = 0.48, p = 0.001), 2-year decline in hippocampus (β = -0.27, p = 0.01), total gray matter volume (β = -0.25, p = 0.01), and cortical thickness (β = -0.28, p = 0.003).

  4. Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Trial: Genetic Resource for Precision Nutrition

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 83 out of 100. Nutrients 2025-08-04 Prevention and risk

    Significant study-site, specimen type, and batch effects were observed.

  5. Genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies 48 risk variants and highlights the role of the stria vascularis in hearing loss

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 83 out of 100. American journal of human genetics 2022-05-16 Risk factors

    Hearing loss is one of the top contributors to years lived with disability and is a risk factor for dementia.

  6. Proteomic landscape of Alzheimer's Disease: novel insights into pathogenesis and biomarker discovery

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 83 out of 100. Molecular neurodegeneration 2021-08-12 Genetics

    Mass spectrometry-based proteomics empowers deep profiling of proteome and protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  7. Brain and Blood Transcriptome-Wide Association Studies Identify Five Novel Genes Associated with Alzheimer's Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 82 out of 100. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 2024-04-19 Genetics

    We identified and validated five novel gene associations in cortical brain tissue ( PRKAG1 , C3orf62 , LYSMD4 , ZNF439 , SLC11A2 ) and six genes proximal to known AD-related GWAS loci (Blood: MYBPC3 ; Brain: MTCH2 , CYB561 , MADD , PSMA5 , ANXA11 ).

  8. Whole-genome sequencing reveals novel ethnicity-specific rare variants associated with Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 82 out of 100. Molecular psychiatry 2022-03-10 Genetics

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common multifactorial neurodegenerative disease among elderly people.

  9. Sex differences in the genetic predictors of Alzheimer's pathology

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 82 out of 100. Brain : a journal of neurology 2019-09-01 Genetics

    Autopsy measures of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology have been leveraged as endophenotypes in previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS).

  10. The epigenetic clock as a predictor of disease and mortality risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 81 out of 100. Clinical epigenetics 2019-04-11 Genetics

    Due to the small number of studies and heterogeneity in study design and outcomes, the association between DNA methylation age and age-related disease and longevity is inconclusive.

  11. Genome-wide association meta-analysis in 269,867 individuals identifies new genetic and functional links to intelligence

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 81 out of 100. Nature genetics 2018-06-25 Genetics

    Intelligence is highly heritable 1 and a major determinant of human health and well-being 2 .

  12. Case-control association mapping by proxy using family history of disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 81 out of 100. Nature genetics 2017-01-16 Genetics

    Collecting cases for case-control genetic association studies can be time-consuming and expensive.

  13. A genome-wide association meta-analysis of all-cause and vascular dementia

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 80 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2024-07-24 Genetics

    For ACD, novel loci identified were associated with energy transport (SEMA4D), neuronal excitability (ANO3), amyloid deposition in the brain (RBFOX1), and magnetic resonance imaging markers of small vessel disease (SVD; HBEGF).

  14. Alzheimer's Disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Mendelian Randomization Study

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 80 out of 100. Frontiers in neuroscience 2018-09-12 Genetics

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease.

  15. No Genetic Overlap Between Circulating Iron Levels and Alzheimer's Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 80 out of 100. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 2017 Genetics

    Iron deposition in the brain is a prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  16. The ApoE Gene Is Related with Exceptional Longevity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 80 out of 100. Rejuvenation Research 2015-02 Genetics

    The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine the association of the apolipoprotein E ( ApoE ) gene with exceptional longevity (EL) ( i.e ., reaching 100+ years) by identifying possible unequal distribution of alleles/genotypes in the common variants ε2, ε3, and ε4 among centenarians and younger population.

  17. Cross-ancestry genome-wide association study identifies implications of SORL1 in cerebral beta-amyloid deposition

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 79 out of 100. Nature communications 2025-04-02 Genetics

    GWAS of Alzheimer's disease have been predominantly based on European ancestry cohorts with clinically diagnosed patients.

  18. Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Population-Attributable Fractions of Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 79 out of 100. Neurology 2024-01-17 Disparities

    Among 91,881 participants (mean age 59.3 at baseline, 55.0% female participants), 16,507 incident ADRD cases were identified from Medicare claims (1999-2016, mean follow-up 9.3 years).

  19. The Caribbean-Hispanic Alzheimer's disease brain transcriptome reveals ancestry-specific disease mechanisms

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 79 out of 100. Neurobiology of disease 2022-11-30 Genetics

    Identifying ancestry-specific molecular profiles of late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD) in brain tissue is crucial to understand novel mechanisms and develop effective interventions in non-European, high-risk populations.

  20. Genome-wide association study of idiopathic hypersomnia in a Japanese population

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 79 out of 100. Sleep and biological rhythms 2021-10-12 Genetics

    Narcolepsy type 1 is strongly associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQB1*06:02; however, no significant associations between IH and HLA alleles have been reported.

  21. Genome-wide association study of habitual physical activity in over 377,000 UK Biobank participants identifies multiple variants including CADM2 and APOE

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 79 out of 100. International journal of obesity (2005) 2018-06-13 Genetics

    These results provide new insight into the genetic basis of habitual PA, and the genetic links connecting PA with other traits and diseases.

  22. Investigating the genetic architecture of dementia with Lewy bodies: a two-stage genome-wide association study

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 79 out of 100. The Lancet. Neurology 2017-12-16 Genetics

    In the replication stage, we performed genotyping of significant and suggestive results from the discovery stage.

  23. UK Biobank: opportunities for cardiovascular research

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 79 out of 100. European Heart Journal 2017-04-24 Genetics

    The need for large sample sizes has led to collaborative efforts, such as the Prospective Studies Collaboration (an individual participant meta-analysis of data from 61 studies and more than a million participants11) that has demonstrated conclusively that a continuous increase in blood pressure corresponds with an increased risk of vascular death across all age groups (see Figure 1 that illustrates the importance of a large sample size (about 500 000 participants) for detecting this association).12 Sample size is also of particular importance in the current era of genome-wide association studies, where many investigations are aiming to detect either small effects from common variants or large effects from rare variants.13 Absolute risk of ischaemic heart disease mortality by usual systolic blood pressure and age at risk in 5000, 50 000, and 500 000 participants.

  24. Genome-wide pathway analysis of a genome-wide association study on Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 79 out of 100. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2014-07-19 Genetics

    The aims of this study were to identify candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to generate SNP to gene to pathway hypotheses.

  25. Interpretation of risk loci from genome-wide association studies of Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 76 out of 100. The Lancet. Neurology 2020-01-24 Genetics

    This situation presents difficulties for experimental studies, drug development, and other future research.

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