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Research

31,380 Alzheimer's and dementia studies in plain English, each scored out of 100.

Find studies

Showing 126–150 of 189 studies in Long-term cohort studies · tagged Risk Factors (page 6 of 8) · 31,380 in the whole library · How the 0–100 score works

Download bibliography of these 189 studies, in this order: BibTeX (.bib) · RIS (.ris)

Browse by subject, author or institution

Each number is how many studies that link shows, with your other filters kept.

Other subjects

Authors

Names as each record prints them; the same person can appear under two spellings.

Institutions

From OpenAlex; 16,851 studies have no institution on record and are not counted here.

What “Long-term cohort studies” covers

Long-term cohort studies — Large groups of people followed for years, tracking who develops dementia and what came before it.

A note on reading research. One study is rarely the final word.

We try to note the size of a study, whether it was in humans or animals, and how early-stage the finding is. If a summary here doesn't make that clear, treat it with extra caution and check the original source.

Traumatic brain injury history is associated with an earlier age of dementia onset in autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer's disease

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 51 out of 100. Neuropsychology 2018-02-01

Data from 2,133 participants with autopsy-confirmed AD (i.e., at least Braak neurofibrillary tangle stages III to VI and CERAD neuritic plaque score moderate to frequent) were obtained from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC). 4 key findings →

Participants: 194 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Associations of cigarette smoking with gray and white matter in the UK Biobank

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 51 out of 100. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 2020-02-07

Cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk for myriad health consequences including cognitive decline and dementia, but research on the link between smoking and brain structure is nascent. 4 key findings →

Participants: 19,615 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Lower serum testosterone concentrations are associated with a higher incidence of dementia in men: The UK Biobank prospective cohort study

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 51 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2022-01-03

The association of testosterone concentrations with dementia risk remains uncertain. 4 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Full text may need a subscription

Prestroke Vascular Pathology and the Risk of Recurrent Stroke and Poststroke Dementia

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 51 out of 100. Stroke 2016-07-14

Improved short-term survival after stroke has necessitated quantifying risk and risk factors of long-term sequelae after stroke (ie, recurrent stroke and dementia). 4 key findings →

Participants: 1,237 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Full text may need a subscription

The cardiovascular health study: Design and rationale

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 51 out of 100. Annals of Epidemiology 1991-02-01

The Cardiovascular Health Study is a population-based, longitudinal study designed to evaluate factors related to the onset, course, and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in adults aged 65 years and older. 4 key findings →

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Full text may need a subscription

Obesity and Alzheimer's disease, does the obesity paradox really exist? A magnetic resonance imaging study

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Oncotarget 2018-10-05

Mid-life obesity is an established risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia, whereas late-life obesity has been proposed as a protective state. 4 key findings →

Participants: 162 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Determinants, MRI correlates, and prognosis of mild cognitive impairment: the Rotterdam Study

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 2014-01-01

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) marks a transitional stage between healthy aging and dementia, but the understanding of MCI in the general population remains limited. 4 key findings →

Participants: 4,198 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Full text may need a subscription

Trends in the Incidence of Parkinson Disease in the General Population: The Rotterdam Study

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. American journal of epidemiology 2016-04-29

We investigated trends in the incidence of parkinsonism and Parkinson disease (PD) by comparing data from the first 2 subcohorts of the Rotterdam Study, a prospective, population-based cohort study (first subcohort: baseline 1990 with 10 years of follow-up; second subcohort, baseline 2000 with 10 years of follow-up). 4 key findings →

Design: cohort study Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Full text may need a subscription

Alzheimer disease genetic risk factor APOE e4 and cognitive abilities in 111,739 UK Biobank participants

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. Age and ageing 2016-04-21

Carriers of the e4 allele may be more vulnerable to conditions that are independent risk factors for cognitive decline, such as cardiometabolic diseases. 4 key findings →

Participants: 111,739 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Full text may need a subscription

Serum phosphate levels are related to all-cause, cardiovascular and COPD mortality in men

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. European journal of epidemiology 2018-05-15

Hyperphosphatemia has been associated with increased mortality in chronic kidney disease but the nature of such a relation in the general population is unclear. 4 key findings →

Participants: 3,731 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Differential Associations of Lipid Profiles with Dementia and Cardiovascular Disease: Findings from the UK Biobank Cohort

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. Yonsei Medical Journal 2025-12-25

High LDL-C (≥160 mg/dL) increased AD risk across all groups {hazard ratio (HR): 1.23 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10-1.38],p<0.001;HR: 1.45 (95% CI: 1.08-1.93),p=0.013;HR: 1.25 (95% CI: 1.10-1.42),p<0.001, respectively}, whereas low LDL-C (<70 mg/dL) showed higher VD risk in those not taking cholesterol-lowering medication [HR: 3.02 (95% CI: 1.73-5.27),p<0.001].Low HDL-C (≤40 mg/dL) was associated with increased AD and VD risk in non-users. 2 key findings →

Design: cohort study Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Association of hearing loss to brain structure and cognition in the Framingham Heart Study

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. Alzheimer s & Dementia 2025-12-01

Midlife hearing loss was associated with smaller brain volumes, accelerated decline in executive function, accelerated accrual of white matter abnormalities, and a near doubling of dementia risk, suggesting a potential causal or biomarker role for midlife hearing loss in the prevention of late‐life dementia. 4 key findings →

Participants: 1,656 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Association of Cardiovascular‐Kidney‐Metabolic Syndrome With Cognitive Decline and Dementia: The ARIC Study Insights

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. Journal of the American Heart Association 2025-05-15

Elevated CKM risk level is significantly associated with increased risks of cognitive decline and dementia incidence. 3 key findings →

Participants: 426 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Prediabetes as a critical stage for risk of dementia and stroke: evidence from the UK Biobank and Mendelian randomization.:evidence from the UK Biobank and Mendelian Randomization

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. Pure Amsterdam UMC 2026-01-01

During a median 13.7 years of follow-up, prediabetes (n=52,693) was associated with higher risks of vascular dementia (hazard ratio (HR):1.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14-1.61), stroke (HR:1.09; 95% CI: 1.01-1.16), ischemic stroke (HR:1.10; 95% CI: 1.02-1.19), and intracerebral hemorrhage (HR:1.19; 95% CI: 1.01-1.39) compared with normoglycemia, after adjustment for major confounding factors and across extensive sensitivity analyses. 5 key findings →

Participants: 52,693 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

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Where “Free full text” comes from

Free full text links and the Full text may need a subscription label come from Unpaywall, Europe PMC and OpenAlex records of free copies, checked 10 Oct 2026. A study with neither is unknown, not paywalled. Show only studies that are free to read

How the 0–100 score works — and why some entries are capped

This is alzhub's own score. It is not an official metric, not an impact factor, and no journal, publisher or ranking body endorses it. We built it so that a reader who is not a scientist can tell a landmark trial from a conference abstract without having to already know the difference. Every point comes from one of 20 components, all of them printed on the study itself, so you can disagree with our arithmetic rather than having to trust the total.

  • Journal tier up to 10 pts
  • Journal's citation record up to 4 pts
  • Study design up to 12 pts
  • Strength of evidence up to 5 pts
  • Peer-review validation up to 10 pts
  • How recent up to 5 pts
  • Sample size up to 4 pts
  • Effect reported up to 3 pts
  • Studied in people up to 3 pts
  • Randomized / blinded up to 2 pts
  • Times cited up to 7 pts
  • Citations per year up to 5 pts
  • Impact for its field and year up to 6 pts
  • Cited by studies here up to 6 pts
  • Still being cited up to 4 pts
  • Senior author's track record up to 4 pts
  • Institution's track record up to 3 pts
  • Multicenter collaboration up to 3 pts
  • Indexed in PubMed up to 2 pts
  • Free to read up to 2 pts

Journals are placed in ordered tiers, never given a numeric impact factor — we could not verify current impact factors from a source we control, and an invented one would be worse than none. Tier 1 is the top-tier general journals (NEJM, The Lancet, JAMA, Nature, Science, Nature Medicine); tier 2 is the leading specialty journals; tier 3 is every other peer-reviewed journal. A separate part scores how much the journal's own papers are cited, which tells the tier-3 journals apart.

Two rules we don't bend. First, we never fill in a missing value: if a record does not state a sample size or a design, that component scores zero, and if we simply have no data for a part, such as a citation count, that part is left out and the study is scored on the parts we could check. The study card says which. Second, anything that is not a peer-reviewed article is capped at 16/100 and carries a warning chip — so a conference abstract or a company press release can never outrank a peer-reviewed paper, no matter how good it looks.

We rank a rigorous null result — a good trial showing that something does not work — above an early positive finding. Someone deciding whether to buy a supplement is served by that, and the rigour is already counted by the design and journal components.

The score is computed from the published data alone and is reproducible: the same file always yields the same numbers.

See the whole rubric drawn out → — four charts covering all 31,380 studies: how the scores are spread and where the cap bites, which of the 20 components the library is strong and weak on, which subjects rest on stronger evidence, and what kinds of study each subject is actually built from.

What this library is — and isn't

This is a large sample of the Alzheimer's literature, not an exhaustive index of it. It holds 31,380 records, built mostly from automated pulls of Europe PMC (65.6% of the library) and OpenAlex (16.2%), plus smaller pulls from PubMed, Crossref and medRxiv. If a study, a drug, or a finding isn't here, that is not evidence it doesn't exist in the literature — it may simply not have been pulled in yet.

1,048 records (3.3% of the library) are not peer-reviewed — 973 of those are preprints posted before any journal review, and the rest are conference abstracts, regulatory notices and reports. Every study card on this page states its status plainly, and the score above is capped for anything that isn't a peer-reviewed article.

See the full, machine-readable breakdown of this library's coverage →

Newest studies, as a dated timeline →    Atom feed    Where this research is being discussed: events