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The cardiovascular health study: Design and rationale
Linda P. Fried, Nemat O. Borhani, Paul Enright, Curt Daniel Furberg, Julius M. Gardin, Richard A. Kronmal, Lewis H. Kuller, Teri A. Manolio, Maurice B. Mittelmark, Anne B. Newman, Daniel H. O’Leary, Bruce M. Psaty, Pentti M. Rautaharju, Russell P. Tracy, Philip G. Weiler. Annals of Epidemiology, 1991-02-01
Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies
The Cardiovascular Health Study is a population-based, longitudinal study designed to evaluate factors related to the onset, course, and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in adults aged 65 years and older. The study design called for enrolling 1250 men and women sampled from Medicare eligibility lists in each of four communities across North Carolina, California, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. Baseline physical and laboratory evaluations were performed to identify the presence and severity of conventional CVD risk factors, subclinical disease, and clinically overt CVD. Examination cycles began in June 1989, with a second comprehensive examination scheduled three years later alongside periodic contacts to track CVD events and sequellae.
Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris
APA 7th
Fried, L. P., Borhani, N. O., Enright, P., Furberg, C. D., Gardin, J. M., Kronmal, R. A., et al. (1991). The cardiovascular health study: Design and rationale. Annals of Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/1047-2797(91)90005-w
Vancouver
Fried LP, Borhani NO, Enright P, Furberg CD, Gardin JM, Kronmal RA, et al. The cardiovascular health study: Design and rationale. Annals of Epidemiology. 1991. doi:10.1016/1047-2797(91)90005-w. PMID: 1669507.
BibTeX
@article{fried1991-1669507,
author = {Fried, Linda P. and Borhani, Nemat O. and Enright, Paul and Furberg, Curt Daniel and Gardin, Julius M. and Kronmal, Richard A. and Kuller, Lewis H. and Manolio, Teri A. and Mittelmark, Maurice B. and Newman, Anne B. and O’Leary, Daniel H. and Psaty, Bruce M. and Rautaharju, Pentti M. and Tracy, Russell P. and Weiler, Philip G.},
title = {{The cardiovascular health study: Design and rationale}},
journal = {Annals of Epidemiology},
year = {1991},
doi = {10.1016/1047-2797(91)90005-w},
pmid = {1669507},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/1047-2797(91)90005-w}
}
Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. The record names 15 authors; APA and Vancouver show the first six, BibTeX and the downloads carry all of them. Check the citation against the original before you use it.
Key findings
- The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) is a population-based, longitudinal study of coronary heart disease and stroke in adults aged 65 years and older.
- The study design called for enrollment of 1250 men and women in each of four communities: Forsyth County, North Carolina; Sacramento County, California; Washington County, Maryland; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- Extensive physical and laboratory evaluations were performed at baseline to identify the presence and severity of CVD risk factors, subclinical disease, and clinically overt CVD.
- These examinations in CHS permit evaluation of CVD risk factors in older adults, particularly in groups previously under-represented in epidemiologic studies, such as women and the very old.
Why it matters
Describes the design and rationale of the Cardiovascular Health Study.
How this study scored 51/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on strength of evidence, so that was left out: it earned 48 of the 95 points we could judge it on, which is 51 out of 100.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Annals of Epidemiology) |
| Journal's citation record | 2 / 4 | Annals of Epidemiology: journal h-index 184 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | — / 5 | No evidence rating recorded — left out of this score |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 1 / 5 | 1991 — older than 20 years, still counted |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | 7 / 7 | Cited 3,642 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 5 / 5 | 98.4 citations a year over 37 year(s) since 1991 |
| Impact for its field and year | 4 / 6 | Cited 17.2× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 0 / 6 | No other study in this library cites it |
| Still being cited | 3 / 4 | Cited 176 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | 1 / 4 | Last-listed author Philip G. Weiler: h-index 17 (OpenAlex, whole career) |
| Institution's track record | 3 / 3 | University of Washington: institution h-index 3,540 (OpenAlex) |
| Multi-centre collaboration | 3 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 11 institution(s) in 2 countries |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 1669507) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Points | 48 / 95 | Scored on 19 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 48 of the 95 points we could judge it on is 51 out of 100. |
| Total | 51 / 100 | — |
What each of these 20 components measures, and what this score is not →
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