Get help now — free helplines

You can call any of these for free. You do not need a diagnosis, an appointment, or a crisis to call — questions and plain exhaustion are reasons enough.

  • Alzheimer's Association 24/7 Helpline 800-272-3900 24 hours a day, 365 days a year Free, confidential support and information for people with dementia, caregivers, families and the public. Master's-level clinicians. Also Spanish.
  • 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline 988 24/7 Call or text 988, or chat at 988lifeline.org. For anyone in emotional distress or a mental-health crisis, including caregivers.
  • Alzheimer's Foundation of America (AFA) Helpline 866-232-8484 9:00 am - 9:00 pm ET, seven days a week Licensed social workers providing support, info and referrals. Also text message and web chat. Text: 646-586-5283

In a medical emergency, call 911. More numbers, and what each line does, on the help page.

Newest in this topic

  1. Retinal biomarkers and dementia risk: A review of evidence across the 14 Lancet modifiable risk factors for dementia 2026-10-22
  2. Multimodal Retinal Imaging for the Detection of Early Alzheimer’s Disease: Combining Biochemical, Structural, and Vascular Biomarkers 2026-08-17
  3. Electroretinography as a Noninvasive Biomarker of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias in Older Adults: A Systematic Scoping Review 2026-07-30

Studies

151 studies carry this tag.

Date range

1986 to 2026

Top journals

  • Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 13
  • Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 7
  • Progress in retinal and eye research 7
  • Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 4
  • Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 4

89 journals in all.

Newest first, then by address. Each study has a usefulness score out of 100 (rubric version 4.0); tap a score to see what makes it up. Tags were assigned automatically from each study's title and summary. The same studies as a filter in the library.

  1. Retina tissue validation of optical coherence tomography determined outer nuclear layer loss in FTLD-tau

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Acta neuropathologica communications 2021-11-18 Brain scans and imaging

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with inner retina (nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers) thinning.

  2. Retinal imaging biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Clinical & experimental optometry 2021-11-09 Brain scans and imaging

    The timely detection of neurodegenerative diseases is central to improving clinical care as well as enabling the development and deployment of disease-modifying therapies.

  3. Ophthalmic manifestations of dementing disorders

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Current opinion in ophthalmology 2021-11-01 Brain scans and imaging

    Dementia is a term for loss of memory, language, problem-solving, and other thinking abilities, which significantly interferes with daily life.

  4. [Retinal Imaging as Potential Biomarkers for Dementia]

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo 2021-11 Brain scans and imaging

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia, and the current diagnostic methods of AD, such as positron emission tomography imaging, have a high cost and poor accessibility.

  5. Retinal Vasculopathy in Alzheimer's Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Frontiers in neuroscience 2021-09-22 Brain scans and imaging

    The retina has been increasingly investigated as a site of Alzheimer's disease (AD) manifestation for over a decade.

  6. Ocular Neurodegenerative Diseases: Interconnection between Retina and Cortical Areas

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Cells 2021-09-12 Brain scans and imaging

    The possible interconnection between the eye and central nervous system (CNS) has been a topic of discussion for several years just based on fact that the eye is properly considered an extension of the brain.

  7. Ophthalmic Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: A Review

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Frontiers in aging neuroscience 2021-09-10 Brain scans and imaging

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuronal loss, extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, and intracellular neurofibrillary tau tangles.

  8. Multimodal retinal imaging to detect and understand Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Current opinion in neurobiology 2021-08-14 Brain scans and imaging

    Retinal neurodegeneration and visual dysfunctions have been reported in a majority of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's patients, and, in light of the quest for novel biomarkers for these neurodegenerative proteinopathies, the retina has been receiving increasing attention as an organ for diagnosing, monitoring, and understanding disease.

  9. Evaluation of retinal and choroidal changes in patients with Alzheimer's type dementia using optical coherence tomography angiography

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. International journal of ophthalmology 2021-06-18 Brain scans and imaging

    The vessel parameters [P vessel length density=0.005 and P vessel perfusion density=0.006) and average choroid thickness (P<0.001) in the macular area of the ATD group was less than the control group.

  10. Retinal imaging in Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2021-06-09 Brain scans and imaging

    Identifying biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) will accelerate the understanding of its pathophysiology, facilitate screening and risk stratification, and aid in developing new therapies.

  11. Vertical saccadic palsy and foveal retinal thinning in Niemann-Pick disease type C

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. PloS one 2021-06-04 Brain scans and imaging

    Saccadometry revealed slowed peak velocity compared to controls most evident vertically.

  12. Ocular biomarkers and their role in the early diagnosis of neurocognitive disorders

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. European journal of ophthalmology 2021-05-17 Brain scans and imaging

    Given the fact that different types of dementia can be diagnosed only postmortem or when the disease has progressed enough to cause irreversible damage to certain brain areas, there has been an increasing need for the development of sensitive and reliable methods that can detect early preclinical forms of dementia, before the symptoms have even appeared.

  13. Protein and Imaging Biomarkers in the Eye for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports 2021-05-03 Brain scans and imaging

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of dementia worldwide.

  14. The application of optical coherence tomography angiography in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 73 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2021-03-03 Brain scans and imaging

    Fourteen studies assessing OCT-A in preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment, or AD were included.

  15. ROSE: A Retinal OCT-Angiography Vessel Segmentation Dataset and New Model

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. IEEE transactions on medical imaging 2021-03-02 Digital health tools

    Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive imaging technique that has been increasingly used to image the retinal vasculature at capillary level resolution.

  16. The Bidirectional Relationship between Vision and Cognition: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 74 out of 100. Ophthalmology 2021-02-27 Risk factors

    Topic Visual impairment (VI) and cognitive impairment (CIM) are prevalent age-related conditions that impose substantial burden on the society.

  17. Characterization of Retinal Microvascular and Choroidal Structural Changes in Parkinson Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 59 out of 100. JAMA ophthalmology 2021-02-01 Brain scans and imaging

    A total of 124 eyes of 69 participants with PD (39 men [56.5%]; mean [SD] age, 71.7 [7.0] years) and 248 eyes of 137 control participants (77 men [56.2%]; mean [SD] age, 70.9 [6.7] years) were analyzed.

  18. Past, present and future role of retinal imaging in neurodegenerative disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Progress in retinal and eye research 2021-01-15 Brain scans and imaging

    Retinal imaging technology is rapidly advancing and can provide ever-increasing amounts of information about the structure, function and molecular composition of retinal tissue in humans in vivo.

  19. Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: What Can It Tell Us?

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 80 out of 100. Eye and brain 2021-01-08 Brain scans and imaging

    Seventy-one studies were included for review, representing a total of 6757 patients (2350 AD, 793 MCI, 2902 healthy controls (HC), and 841 others with a range of other neurodegenerative diagnoses).

  20. Retinal Changes in Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Current Alzheimer research 2021 Brain scans and imaging

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, the most common form of dementia.

  21. Visual Impairment, Eye Diseases, and Dementia Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 84 out of 100. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 2021-01-01 Risk factors

    As visual impairment, cataract, and diabetic retinopathy are associated with an increased likelihood of developing dementia, early diagnosis may help identify those at risk of dementia.

  22. Combination of snapshot hyperspectral retinal imaging and optical coherence tomography to identify Alzheimer's disease patients

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 55 out of 100. Alzheimer's research & therapy 2020-11-10 Brain scans and imaging

    Hyperspectral data and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness data were used in a linear discriminant classification model to discriminate between AD patients and controls.

  23. Ganglion Cell Layer Thinning in Alzheimer's Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 39 out of 100. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2020-10-21 Brain scans and imaging

    The main advantages of optical retinal imaging may allow researchers to achieve deeper analysis of retinal ganglion cells (GC) in vivo using optical coherence tomography (OCT).

  24. Higher Dementia Incidence in Older Adults with Poor Visual Acuity

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 66 out of 100. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 2020-10-15 Risk factors

    Over 68,904 person-years of follow-up, 1,349 participants developed dementia.

  25. Retinal imaging in Alzheimer's and neurodegenerative diseases

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2020-10-08 Brain scans and imaging

    In the last 20 years, research focused on developing retinal imaging as a source of potential biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, has increased significantly.

  26. Optical coherence tomography in mild cognitive impairment - Systematic review and meta-analysis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 77 out of 100. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2020-06-22 Brain scans and imaging

    Thinning of retinal layers, measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT), is associated with some neurodegenerative disorders such as established Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis.

  27. Optical coherence tomography reveals light-dependent retinal responses in Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 39 out of 100. NeuroImage 2020-06-05 Brain scans and imaging

    Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is an accessible clinical tool for measuring structural changes to the retina, and increasingly as a biomarker for brain-predominant neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. Information about retinal function can also be extracted from OCT images, but is under-studied, with literature examples often employing challenging protocols or requiring specialized hardware.

  28. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Neurodegenerative Disorders

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 39 out of 100. Journal of clinical medicine 2020-06-02 Brain scans and imaging

    Retinal microcirculation shares similar features with cerebral small blood vessels.

  29. Identification of early pericyte loss and vascular amyloidosis in Alzheimer's disease retina

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. Acta neuropathologica 2020-02-10 Brain scans and imaging

    Pericyte loss and deficient vascular platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFRβ) signaling are prominent features of the blood-brain barrier breakdown described in Alzheimer's disease (AD) that can predict cognitive decline yet have never been studied in the retina.

  30. Levels of Retinal Amyloid-β Correlate with Levels of Retinal IAPP and Hippocampal Amyloid-β in Neuropathologically Evaluated Individuals

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 2020-01-01 Biomarkers

    These results show that different isoforms of Aβ can be detected in the human retina and moreover support the growing number of studies indicating that AD-related pathological changes occurring in the brain could be reflected in the retina.

  31. MicroRNAs as biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy and disease progression

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Neural regeneration research 2019-11-01 Risk factors

    Diabetes mellitus, together with its complications, has been increasing in prevalence worldwide.

  32. Non-invasive in vivo hyperspectral imaging of the retina for potential biomarker use in Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 55 out of 100. Nature communications 2019-09-17 Brain scans and imaging

    Studies of rodent models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and of human tissues suggest that the retinal changes that occur in AD, including the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ), may serve as surrogate markers of brain Aβ levels.

  33. Validation of Optical Coherence Tomography Retinal Segmentation in Neurodegenerative Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 46 out of 100. Translational vision science & technology 2019-09-11 Brain scans and imaging

    The outer plexiform layer line had one of the lowest mean error ratios (2%), while RNFL had the highest (23%).

  34. Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Disease -Retinal Changes in Neurodegenerative Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Noro psikiyatri arsivi 2019-08-26 Brain scans and imaging

    OCT measurements did show significant decrease in temporal, nasal, inferiorR (R means examination of retina in two sections as superior and inferior instead of four quadrants) RNFL thickness and foveal, parafoveal, macular thickness of AD group compared to control group.

  35. [Optical coherence tomography angiography in neuronal diseases : Preliminary findings]

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 39 out of 100. Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft 2019-08 Brain scans and imaging

    It could be shown that Alzheimer type dementia, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis. cerebral infarction and CADASIL are neuronal diseases with rarification of retinal vessels and atrophy of the retinal layers in the ocular fundus.

  36. Visual impairment in aging and cognitive decline: experience in a Memory Clinic

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 52 out of 100. Scientific reports 2019-06-18 Risk factors

    Visual impairment is common in people living with dementia and regular ophthalmological exams may improve their quality of life.

  37. Is retinal vasculature a biomarker in amyloid proven Alzheimer's disease?

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2019-05-10 Brain scans and imaging

    We found no disease effects on retinal vascular measures (all β's < |0.15|, all P > .2), adjusted for confounders.

  38. Persistent and Progressive Outer Retina Thinning in Frontotemporal Degeneration

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 57 out of 100. Frontiers in neuroscience 2019-04-04 Brain scans and imaging

    Compared to controls, returning FTD patients (143 vs. 130 μm, p = 0.005) and the tauopathy subgroup (143 vs. 128 μm, p = 0.03) had thinner outer retinas but similar inner layer thicknesses.

  39. Retinal Microvascular and Neurodegenerative Changes in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment Compared with Control Participants

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Ophthalmology. Retina 2019-03-11 Brain scans and imaging

    Alzheimer's participants showed significantly reduced macular VD, PD, and GC-IPL thickness compared with MCI and controls.

  40. Potential retinal biomarkers for dementia: what is new?

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 39 out of 100. Current opinion in neurology 2019-02 Brain scans and imaging

    In terms of the retinal neuronal structure, multiple retinal neuronal layers are significantly thinner in Alzheimer's disease dementia, such as the parapapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL).

  41. Amyloid-beta and phosphorylated tau in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease retinas

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. Acta neuropathologica communications 2018-12-28 Brain scans and imaging

    In-vivo labeling of retinal amyloid-beta(Aβ) and tau has potential as non-invasive biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  42. Optical coherence tomography in the investigation of systemic neurologic disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 39 out of 100. Clinical & experimental optometry 2018-12-11 Brain scans and imaging

    Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a well-established technique for the clinical examination, diagnosis, severity staging and monitoring of ophthalmic disorders.

  43. Association of Preclinical Alzheimer Disease With Optical Coherence Tomographic Angiography Findings

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 59 out of 100. JAMA ophthalmology 2018-11-01 Brain scans and imaging

    Fifty-eight eyes from 30 participants (53% female; mean [SD] age, 74.5 [5.6] years; age range, 62-92 years) were included in the analysis.

  44. Spectral-Domain OCT Measurements in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 66 out of 100. Ophthalmology 2018-08-13 Brain scans and imaging

    Topic OCT is a noninvasive tool to measure specific retinal layers in the eye.

  45. Potential Utility of Retinal Imaging for Alzheimer's Disease: A Review

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 39 out of 100. Frontiers in aging neuroscience 2018-06-22 Brain scans and imaging

    The ensuing upward shift in demographic distribution due to the increase in life expectancy has resulted in a rising prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  46. Emerging Applications of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) in neurological research

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 39 out of 100. Eye and vision (London, England) 2018-05-12 Brain scans and imaging

    OCTA has been applied in research to advance our understanding of the pathobiology of neurological disorders.

  47. Vision in Alzheimer's disease: a focus on the anterior afferent pathway

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 39 out of 100. Neurodegenerative disease management 2018-01-23 Brain scans and imaging

    Visual dysfunction has long been recognized as a manifestation of Alzheimer's disease (AD), particularly in the form of visuospatial impairment during all stages of disease.

  48. Drusen in the Peripheral Retina of the Alzheimer's Eye

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 39 out of 100. Current Alzheimer research 2018 Brain scans and imaging

    There was a significant increase in the total number of macular and peripheral hard drusen in older, compared to younger, normal eyes (p<0.05).

  49. Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 39 out of 100. Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE 2017-11-06 Brain scans and imaging

    The retina offers a unique "window" to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central nervous system (CNS) and shares prominent similarities with the brain in terms of embryological origin, anatomical features and physiological properties.

  50. Retinal amyloid pathology and proof-of-concept imaging trial in Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. JCI insight 2017-08-17 Brain scans and imaging

    The geometric distribution and increased burden of retinal amyloid pathology in AD, together with the feasibility to noninvasively detect discrete retinal amyloid deposits in living patients, may lead to a practical approach for large-scale AD diagnosis and monitoring.

From across this tag

7 of the 151 studies in this tag, picked by a fixed rule (a hash of each study's address), not by score or date; each page of this list shows a different 7. The same 7 appear here every time.

All topic tags with their study counts