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Ophthalmic Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: A Review
Ayesha Majeed, Ben Marwick, Haoqing Yu, Hassan Fadavi, Mitra Tavakoli. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 2021-09-10
Topic: Plasma and spinal-fluid biomarkers
Plain-language summary
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuronal loss, extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, and intracellular neurofibrillary tau tangles. A diagnosis is currently made from the presenting symptoms, and the only definitive diagnosis can be done post-mortem. Over recent years, significant advances have been made in using ocular biomarkers to diagnose various neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. As the eye is an extension of the central nervous system (CNS), reviewing changes in the eye's biology could lead to developing a series of non-invasive, differential diagnostic tests for AD that could be further applied to other diseases. Significant changes have been identified in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), cornea, ocular vasculature, and retina. In the present paper, we review current research and assess some ocular biomarkers' accuracy and reliability that could potentially be used for diagnostic purposes. Additionally, we review the various imaging techniques used in the measurement of these biomarkers.
Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris
APA 7th
Majeed, A., Marwick, B., Yu, H., Fadavi, H., & Tavakoli, M. (2021). Ophthalmic Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.720167
Vancouver
Majeed A, Marwick B, Yu H, Fadavi H, Tavakoli M. Ophthalmic Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2021. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.720167. PMID: 34566623.
BibTeX
@article{majeed2021-34566623,
author = {Majeed, Ayesha and Marwick, Ben and Yu, Haoqing and Fadavi, Hassan and Tavakoli, Mitra},
title = {{Ophthalmic Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: A Review}},
journal = {Frontiers in aging neuroscience},
year = {2021},
doi = {10.3389/fnagi.2021.720167},
pmid = {34566623},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.720167}
}
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Key findings
- Over recent years, significant advances have been made in using ocular biomarkers to diagnose various neurodegenerative diseases, including AD.
- Significant changes have been identified in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), cornea, ocular vasculature, and retina.
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Study details
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 41/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomized / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on journal's citation record, times cited, citations per year, impact for its field and year, cited by studies here, still being cited, senior author's track record, institution's track record, multicenter collaboration and free to read, so those were left out: it earned 23 of the 56 points we could judge it on, which is 41 out of 100.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Frontiers in aging neuroscience) |
| Journal's citation record | — / 4 | No journal record from OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 3 / 5 | 2021 — within 6 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomized / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomization or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | — / 7 | No citation count (not found in OpenAlex) — left out of this score |
| Citations per year | — / 5 | No citation count or no year — left out of this score |
| Impact for its field and year | — / 6 | No field-weighted citation impact (OpenAlex has none yet) — left out of this score |
| Cited by studies here | — / 6 | Not yet checked against this library's citation graph — left out of this score |
| Still being cited | — / 4 | No yearly citation counts — left out of this score |
| Senior author's track record | — / 4 | Senior author's record not available — left out of this score |
| Institution's track record | — / 3 | No institution listed in OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Multicenter collaboration | — / 3 | Institutions not listed — left out of this score |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 34566623) |
| Free to read | — / 2 | Access not recorded — left out of this score |
| Points | 23 / 56 | Scored on 10 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 23 of the 56 points we could judge it on is 41 out of 100. |
| Total | 41 / 100 | — |
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