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47/100

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 47 out of 100. Risk factors

Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies

After adjusting for multi-morbidity and relocation-related selection bias, we saw that people living in regions with the highest tertile of income (HR = 0.87, p < 0.001), and who had the highest tertile of remaining life expectancy at age 60 (HR = 0.93, p = 0.012) had lower dementia risks. There was no gender difference in the regional income effect, but the effect of education (HR = 0.91, p = 0.015) was significant only for men and remaining life-expectancy was significant only for women (HR = 0.93, p = 0.026). Environmental characteristics related to wealth and health resources of a region influence the risk of dementia among the elderly in Germany. This effect is independent of the health profiles of the individuals and differs between the two genders. Health policies need to acknowledge these modifiable risk factors and consider how they affect men and women differently.

Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris

APA 7th

Kreft, D., & Doblhammer, G. (2022). Sex and Gender Differences in Environmental Influences on Dementia Incidence in Germany, 2014–2019: An Observational Cohort Study Based on Health Claims Data. Journal of Alzheimer s Disease. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-215030

Vancouver

Kreft D, Doblhammer G. Sex and Gender Differences in Environmental Influences on Dementia Incidence in Germany, 2014–2019: An Observational Cohort Study Based on Health Claims Data. Journal of Alzheimer s Disease. 2022. doi:10.3233/jad-215030. PMID: 35275528.

BibTeX

@article{kreft2022-35275528,
  author  = {Kreft, Daniel and Doblhammer, Gabriele},
  title   = {{Sex and Gender Differences in Environmental Influences on Dementia Incidence in Germany, 2014–2019: An Observational Cohort Study Based on Health Claims Data}},
  journal = {Journal of Alzheimer s Disease},
  year    = {2022},
  doi     = {10.3233/jad-215030},
  pmid    = {35275528},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-215030}
}

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Key findings

After adjusting for multi-morbidity and relocation-related selection bias, we saw that people living in regions with the highest tertile of income (HR = 0.87, p < 0.001), and who had the highest tertile of remaining life expectancy at age 60 (HR = 0.93, p = 0.012) had lower dementia risks.
There was no gender difference in the regional income effect, but the effect of education (HR = 0.91, p = 0.015) was significant only for men and remaining life-expectancy was significant only for women (HR = 0.93, p = 0.026).
Environmental characteristics related to wealth and health resources of a region influence the risk of dementia among the elderly in Germany.
This effect is independent of the health profiles of the individuals and differs between the two genders.
Health policies need to acknowledge these modifiable risk factors and consider how they affect men and women differently.

Why it matters

In Germany, people living in regions with the highest income levels and the highest remaining life expectancy at age 60 had lower dementia risks, with education significant only for men and remaining life expectancy significant only for women. These are regional associations, so the study cannot show that raising income or life expectancy would prevent dementia.

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Study details

Participants250,000
Effect sizeHR = 0.87; HR = 0.93; HR = 0.91
Evidence strengthLow

How this study scored 47/100

Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design and randomized / blinded because the record does not state it.

Component	Points	Why
Journal tier	7 / 10	Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Journal of Alzheimer s Disease)
Journal's citation record	2 / 4	Journal of Alzheimer s Disease: journal h-index 218 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29)
Study design	0 / 12	No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Strength of evidence	1 / 5	Rated “low” in our summary
Peer-review validation	10 / 10	Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal.
How recent	3 / 5	2022 — within 6 year(s) of the newest study here
Sample size	4 / 4	250,000 participants
Effect reported	3 / 3	Effect reported with a statistic (interval, p-value, ratio or similar)
Studied in people	3 / 3	Studied in people (participant count stated)
Randomized / blinded	0 / 2	No randomization or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Times cited	2 / 7	Cited 12 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10)
Citations per year	1 / 5	2.0 citations a year over 6 year(s) since 2022
Impact for its field and year	2 / 6	Cited 1.6× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI)
Cited by studies here	1 / 6	Cited by 1 other studies in this library
Still being cited	1 / 4	Cited 4 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex)
Senior author's track record	2 / 4	Last-listed author Gabriele Doblhammer: h-index 34 (OpenAlex, whole career)
Institution's track record	0 / 3	University of Rostock: institution h-index 539 (OpenAlex)
Multicenter collaboration	1 / 3	OpenAlex lists 2 institution(s) in 1 country
Indexed in PubMed	2 / 2	Indexed in PubMed (PMID 35275528)
Free to read	2 / 2	Free to read
Total	47 / 100	—

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