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44/100

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 44 out of 100. Risk factors

Reviewed as evidence on: Late-life depression and neurodegenerative brain disease 4 studies (what the news said). Being listed means the study bears on the question, not that it agrees with the news.

Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies

The prevalence of CF was 24.3%. Cerebrovascular disease (OR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.44-3.97) and peripheral arterial disease (OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.03-2.95) were significant risk factors, while higher education (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.76-0.94) and later diabetes onset (OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88-0.98) were protective. Early-onset diabetes significantly increased CF risk regardless of education level. This study highlights a markedly increased risk of CF in older adults with T2DM, especially in individuals with CVD, PAD, low education levels, or early-onset diabetes. Notably, early diabetes onset may override the protective effects of cognitive reserve, emphasizing the critical need for early metabolic and vascular risk management in this high-risk population. These findings support integrated screening for cognitive and physical frailty in diabetes care to enable timely interventions.

Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris

APA 7th

Ren, Q., Niu, S., Zhi, L., & Liu, H. (2025). Risk factor analysis of cognitive frailty in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2025.1667405

Vancouver

Ren Q, Niu S, Zhi L, Liu H. Risk factor analysis of cognitive frailty in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2025. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1667405. PMID: 41080000.

BibTeX

@article{ren2025-41080000,
  author  = {Ren, Qingjuan and Niu, Shu and Zhi, Lei and Liu, Hongfang},
  title   = {{Risk factor analysis of cognitive frailty in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study}},
  journal = {Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience},
  year    = {2025},
  doi     = {10.3389/fnagi.2025.1667405},
  pmid    = {41080000},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2025.1667405}
}

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Key findings

Cerebrovascular disease (OR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.44-3.97) and peripheral arterial disease (OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.03-2.95) were significant risk factors, while higher education (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.76-0.94) and later diabetes onset (OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88-0.98) were protective.
Early-onset diabetes significantly increased CF risk regardless of education level.
This study highlights a markedly increased risk of CF in older adults with T2DM, especially in individuals with CVD, PAD, low education levels, or early-onset diabetes.
Notably, early diabetes onset may override the protective effects of cognitive reserve, emphasizing the critical need for early metabolic and vascular risk management in this high-risk population.
These findings support integrated screening for cognitive and physical frailty in diabetes care to enable timely interventions.

Why it matters

This cross-sectional study found that cerebrovascular disease and peripheral arterial disease were risk factors for cognitive frailty in older adults with type 2 diabetes, while higher education and later diabetes onset were protective. Because it is cross-sectional, it cannot show cause and effect or that managing these conditions prevents cognitive frailty.

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Study details

Study designcross-sectional
Effect size24.3%; OR: 2.39; OR: 1.74
Evidence strengthLow

How this study scored 44/100

Published in a peer-reviewed journal, and it is a snapshot of people at one point in time. Scored zero for sample size, studied in people and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on institution's track record, so that was left out: it earned 43 of the 97 points we could judge it on, which is 44 out of 100.

Component	Points	Why
Journal tier	7 / 10	Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience)
Journal's citation record	2 / 4	Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience: journal h-index 174 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29)
Study design	4 / 12	A snapshot of people at one point in time
Strength of evidence	1 / 5	Rated “low” in our summary
Peer-review validation	10 / 10	Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal.
How recent	4 / 5	2025 — within 3 year(s) of the newest study here
Sample size	0 / 4	Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Effect reported	3 / 3	Effect reported with a statistic (interval, p-value, ratio or similar)
Studied in people	0 / 3	Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Randomised / blinded	0 / 2	No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Times cited	1 / 7	Cited 4 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10)
Citations per year	1 / 5	1.3 citations a year over 3 year(s) since 2025
Impact for its field and year	2 / 6	Cited 2.1× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI)
Cited by studies here	0 / 6	No other study in this library cites it
Still being cited	1 / 4	Cited 4 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex)
Senior author's track record	3 / 4	Last-listed author Hongfang Liu: h-index 59 (OpenAlex, whole career)
Institution's track record	— / 3	No institution listed in OpenAlex — left out of this score
Multi-centre collaboration	0 / 3	OpenAlex lists 0 institution(s) in 0 countries — scores zero (affiliation lists can be incomplete)
Indexed in PubMed	2 / 2	Indexed in PubMed (PMID 41080000)
Free to read	2 / 2	Free to read
Points	43 / 97	Scored on 19 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 43 of the 97 points we could judge it on is 44 out of 100.
Total	44 / 100	—

What each of these 20 components measures, and what this score is not →

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