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Cognitive reserve in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hindle JV, Martyr A, Clare L.. Parkinsonism & related disorders, 2013-08-29
Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies
Plain-language summary
Background The concept of cognitive reserve is proposed to explain the mismatch between the degree of pathological changes and their clinical manifestations and has been used to help understand the variation in the rate of cognitive decline and the development of dementias. It is not clear whether this concept applies to cognitive performance, cognitive decline and dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods A systematic review was conducted using the most commonly described proxies for cognitive reserve of education, occupation and leisure activities.
What this study adds
Evidence grade: High
This is a pooled review. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined whether the concept of cognitive reserve, using education, occupation, and leisure activities as proxies, applies to cognitive performance and dementia in Parkinson's disease. It is about Parkinson's disease and does not test any treatment, so it says nothing about curing or preventing Alzheimer's disease.
Taken from this record’s own fields, not from reading the paper. The grade is assigned from the abstract’s wording; what that means.
Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris
APA 7th
Hindle, J. V., Martyr, A., & Clare, L. (2014). Cognitive reserve in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinsonism & related disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.08.010
Vancouver
Hindle JV, Martyr A, Clare L. Cognitive reserve in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinsonism & related disorders. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.08.010. PMID: 24034887.
BibTeX
@article{hindle2014-24034887,
author = {Hindle, J. V. and Martyr, A. and Clare, L.},
title = {{Cognitive reserve in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis}},
journal = {Parkinsonism \& related disorders},
year = {2014},
doi = {10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.08.010},
pmid = {24034887},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.08.010}
}
Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. Check the citation against the original before you use it.
Key findings
- It is not clear whether this concept applies to cognitive performance, cognitive decline and dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD).
- Methods A systematic review was conducted using the most commonly described proxies for cognitive reserve of education, occupation and leisure activities.
- Thirty four papers were found on education and cognition in PD but there were no studies of the other proxies of reserve.
- A random effects meta-analysis was used to assess the associations between education and cross-sectional cognitive assessments, longitudinal global cognitive decline and a long term dementia diagnosis.
Why it matters
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined whether the concept of cognitive reserve, using education, occupation, and leisure activities as proxies, applies to cognitive performance and dementia in Parkinson's disease. It is about Parkinson's disease and does not test any treatment, so it says nothing about curing or preventing Alzheimer's disease.
Study details
- Study designsystematic review
- Evidence strengthHigh
How this study scored 57/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal, and it is a systematic review of all the studies on the question. Scored zero for sample size, effect reported and studied in people because the record does not state it.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Parkinsonism & related disorders) |
| Journal's citation record | 2 / 4 | Parkinsonism & Related Disorders: journal h-index 155 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 12 / 12 | A systematic review of all the studies on the question |
| Strength of evidence | 5 / 5 | Rated “high” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 1 / 5 | 2014 — within 20 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomized / blinded | 0 / 2 | A review of other studies — randomization is not credited here |
| Times cited | 5 / 7 | Cited 194 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 3 / 5 | 13.9 citations a year over 14 year(s) since 2014 |
| Impact for its field and year | 2 / 6 | Cited 1.4× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 2 / 6 | Cited by 3 other studies in this library |
| Still being cited | 2 / 4 | Cited 44 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | 3 / 4 | Last-listed author Linda Clare: h-index 88 (OpenAlex, whole career) |
| Institution's track record | 0 / 3 | Bangor University: institution h-index 484 (OpenAlex) |
| Multicenter collaboration | 1 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 2 institution(s) in 1 country |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 24034887) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Total | 57 / 100 | — |
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