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The influence of Area Deprivation Index on cognition in cognitively‐normal adults as measured by Principal Component Analysis of Neuropsychological Data
Drew C Conner, Albert Botchway, Steve L. Scaife, Pavani Unnam, Hunter R Roller, Ronald F. Zec, Tom Ala, Erin R. Hascup et al.. Alzheimer s & Dementia, 2023-12-01
Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies
Abstract Background Previous research has demonstrated that neighborhood disadvantage is associated with worse health outcomes including increased risk for dementia. The Area Deprivation Index (ADI) measure represents the theoretical domains of income, education, employment, and housing quality, which allows for the ranking of neighborhoods based on socioeconomic disadvantage. In the present study, we hypothesized that greater neighborhood disadvantage (i.e., higher ADI scores) would be associated with lower cognitive function after controlling for age, education, and sex. Method Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to examine the component structure of a neuropsychological test battery administered to 852 adult participants enrolled in the Southern Illinois University Longitudinal Cognitive Aging Study (SIU LCAS). The vast majority of the cohort was White/Not Hispanic (>98.0%) and female (72.4%). Mean age and education were 67.5 years and 14.8 years, respectively. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between ADI and PCA cognitive component scores after controlling for age, education, and sex. Result PCA identified four cognitive components, which were labeled speed/flexibility, visuospatial skills, word list learning/memory, and story memory (immediate and delayed recall). Regression analysis revealed that all three demographic variables were significantly associated with each cognitive component score (p<0.001). After controlling for age, gender, and education, higher ADI scores were associated with lower cognitive component scores for only the speed/flexibility component (p = 0.03). Age, education, and sex accounted for 23% of the variance in the speed/flexibility component. ADI accounted for only an additional 0.4% of the variance in the speed/flexibility component. There was no significant relationship between ADI scores and the visuospatial skills, word list learning/memory, and story memory components. Conclusion Our results suggest that the relationship between greater neighborhood disadvantage and poorer cognitive function are very subtle and may only be present for some, but not all, cognitive domains. One major limitation in the present study was that collection of cognitive data and ADI calculations were not synchronous. More studies are needed to better understand the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and cognitive functioning.
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APA 7th
Conner, D. C., Botchway, A., Scaife, S. L., Unnam, P., Roller, H. R., Zec, R. F., et al. (2023). The influence of Area Deprivation Index on cognition in cognitively‐normal adults as measured by Principal Component Analysis of Neuropsychological Data. Alzheimer s & Dementia. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.075620
Vancouver
Conner DC, Botchway A, Scaife SL, Unnam P, Roller HR, Zec RF, et al. The influence of Area Deprivation Index on cognition in cognitively‐normal adults as measured by Principal Component Analysis of Neuropsychological Data. Alzheimer s & Dementia. 2023. doi:10.1002/alz.075620.
BibTeX
@article{conner2023-cf007155,
author = {Conner, Drew C and Botchway, Albert and Scaife, Steve L. and Unnam, Pavani and Roller, Hunter R and Zec, Ronald F. and Ala, Tom and Hascup, Erin R. and others},
title = {{The influence of Area Deprivation Index on cognition in cognitively‐normal adults as measured by Principal Component Analysis of Neuropsychological Data}},
journal = {Alzheimer s \& Dementia},
year = {2023},
doi = {10.1002/alz.075620},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.075620}
}
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Key findings
- Abstract Background Previous research has demonstrated that neighborhood disadvantage is associated with worse health outcomes including increased risk for dementia.
- In the present study, we hypothesized that greater neighborhood disadvantage (i.e., higher ADI scores) would be associated with lower cognitive function after controlling for age, education, and sex.
- Result PCA identified four cognitive components, which were labeled speed/flexibility, visuospatial skills, word list learning/memory, and story memory (immediate and delayed recall).
- Regression analysis revealed that all three demographic variables were significantly associated with each cognitive component score (p<0.001).
- After controlling for age, gender, and education, higher ADI scores were associated with lower cognitive component scores for only the speed/flexibility component (p = 0.03).
Why it matters
In 852 mostly White, mostly female cognitively normal adults, this study examined whether neighborhood disadvantage was linked to lower cognitive function after controlling for age, education, and sex. The abstract does not report whether the hypothesis was supported.
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Study details
- Study designlongitudinal study
- Effect size98.0%; 72.4%; 0.4%
- Evidence strengthModerate
How this study scored 40/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal, and it is a longitudinal study following the same people over time. Scored zero for sample size, studied in people and randomized / blinded because the record does not state it.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Alzheimer s & Dementia) |
| Journal's citation record | 2 / 4 | Alzheimer s & Dementia: journal h-index 228 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 7 / 12 | A longitudinal study following the same people over time |
| Strength of evidence | 3 / 5 | Rated “moderate” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 3 / 5 | 2023 — within 6 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 2 / 3 | Effect reported as a number, without an interval or test |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomized / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomization or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | 1 / 7 | Cited 1 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 0 / 5 | 0.2 citations a year over 5 year(s) since 2023 |
| Impact for its field and year | 1 / 6 | Cited 0.2× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 0 / 6 | No other study in this library cites it |
| Still being cited | 0 / 4 | Cited 1 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | 1 / 4 | Last-listed author Mehul Alkesh Trivedi: h-index 17 (OpenAlex, whole career) |
| Institution's track record | 0 / 3 | SIU Medicine: institution h-index 307 (OpenAlex) |
| Multicenter collaboration | 0 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 1 institution(s) in 1 country — scores zero (affiliation lists can be incomplete) |
| Indexed in PubMed | 1 / 2 | Not in PubMed, but has a DOI |
| Free to read | 2 / 2 | Free to read |
| Total | 40 / 100 | — |
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