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Cross‐sectional association between the area deprivation index (ADI) and cognitive impairment in community‐dwelling older veterans
Otoniel Ysea‐Hill, Christian J. Gomez, Aakashi Shah, Sergio J. Ruiz, Jorge G. Ruiz. Alzheimer s & Dementia, 2021-12-01
Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies
Abstract Background The evidence that lower socio‐economic status (SES) may be associated with late‐onset dementia is inconsistent. Result Participants were 1060 Veterans (response rate of 20.14%), mean age of 68.39 (SD=8.52) years, 59.0% Caucasian, 69.2% non‐Hispanic, 95.8% male, 12.0% screened positive for MCI and 15.6% for dementia. Among ADI quintile groups, patients in the highest group had a significantly higher proportion of cognitive impairment (40.59%) when compared to lower groups, p<.001. No significant differences were found between quintiles 1 to 4. The highest ADI quintile was the only group associated with cognitive impairment, adjusted OR: 1.916 (95% CI:1.187‐3.093), p=.008.
Key findings
- Abstract Background The evidence that lower socio‐economic status (SES) may be associated with late‐onset dementia is inconsistent.
- Result Participants were 1060 Veterans (response rate of 20.14%), mean age of 68.39 (SD=8.52) years, 59.0% Caucasian, 69.2% non‐Hispanic, 95.8% male, 12.0% screened positive for MCI and 15.6% for dementia.
- Among ADI quintile groups, patients in the highest group had a significantly higher proportion of cognitive impairment (40.59%) when compared to lower groups, p<.001.
- No significant differences were found between quintiles 1 to 4.
- The highest ADI quintile was the only group associated with cognitive impairment, adjusted OR: 1.916 (95% CI:1.187‐3.093), p=.008.
Why it matters
This study found that veterans living in the most deprived neighborhoods had a higher proportion of cognitive impairment compared to those in less deprived areas. It is a cross-sectional association and does not show that neighborhood deprivation causes dementia or that changing it would prevent the disease.
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Study details
- Effect size20.14%; 59.0%; 69.2%
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 35/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, sample size, studied in people and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Alzheimer s & Dementia) |
| Journal's citation record | 2 / 4 | Alzheimer s & Dementia: journal h-index 228 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 3 / 5 | 2021 — within 6 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 2 / 3 | Effect reported as a number, without an interval or test |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | 1 / 7 | Cited 2 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 0 / 5 | 0.3 citations a year over 7 year(s) since 2021 |
| Impact for its field and year | 1 / 6 | Cited 0.2× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 1 / 6 | Cited by 1 other studies in this library |
| Still being cited | 0 / 4 | Cited 2 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | 2 / 4 | Last-listed author Jorge G. Ruiz: h-index 24 (OpenAlex, whole career) |
| Institution's track record | 1 / 3 | University of Miami: institution h-index 998 (OpenAlex) |
| Multi-centre collaboration | 1 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 3 institution(s) in 1 country |
| Indexed in PubMed | 1 / 2 | Not in PubMed, but has a DOI |
| Free to read | 2 / 2 | Free to read |
| Total | 35 / 100 | — |
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Read the original
Full text: free to read — OpenAlex lists this copy as free to read: the link above (checked 6 Feb 1020).
Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris
Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. Check the citation against the original before you use it.
APA 7th
Ysea‐Hill, O., Gomez, C. J., Shah, A., Ruiz, S. J., & Ruiz, J. G. (2021). Cross‐sectional association between the area deprivation index (ADI) and cognitive impairment in community‐dwelling older veterans. Alzheimer s & Dementia. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.052562
Vancouver
Ysea‐Hill O, Gomez CJ, Shah A, Ruiz SJ, Ruiz JG. Cross‐sectional association between the area deprivation index (ADI) and cognitive impairment in community‐dwelling older veterans. Alzheimer s & Dementia. 2021. doi:10.1002/alz.052562.
BibTeX
@article{yseahill2021-271366fa,
author = {Ysea‐Hill, Otoniel and Gomez, Christian J. and Shah, Aakashi and Ruiz, Sergio J. and Ruiz, Jorge G.},
title = {{Cross‐sectional association between the area deprivation index (ADI) and cognitive impairment in community‐dwelling older veterans}},
journal = {Alzheimer s \& Dementia},
year = {2021},
doi = {10.1002/alz.052562},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.052562}
}
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