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The effects of socioeconomic status on perceived self‐efficacy among caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias
Miriam Jocelyn Rodriguez, Jordan R. Hill, Bailey Gardner, Mariana D. Stavig, Lilian Golzarri‐Arroyo, Anna L. M. Macagno, Roger S. Zoh, Richard Holden et al.. Alzheimer s & Dementia, 2025-12-01
Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies
There were no significant differences in self-efficacy related to obtaining respite and RDPB between SES groups. There were significant differences in the CUT domain scores between household income (F=4.615, p < .05) and insurance status groups (F=3.432, p < .01). Pairwise comparisons revealed that individuals with private health insurance or Medicaid reported higher self-efficacy in RDPB when compared to individuals covered by Medicare and another insurance type (e.g. Medicare Advantage) (p < .01; p < .05). Individuals with graduate degrees had significantly higher RDPB scores when compared to those with trade school/some college/associates degrees (p < .05). In the CUT domain, full time employees reported higher self-efficacy than those who were unemployed (p < .05), and Medicaid recipients scored significantly higher than individuals with private insurance (p < .05), Medicare+ (p < .05) or other insurance (p < .01). It is important to consider SES when designing interventions for ADRD caregivers. Our results indicate that insurance status, educational level, and employment status may be related to self-efficacy among ADRD caregivers, specifically regarding responses to disruptive behaviors and controlling upsetting thoughts. For example, those with private insurance and Medicaid may have access to more resources that teach them to cope and manage disruptive behaviors. Education level may also be related to factors that can increase self-efficacy such as understanding ADRD symptoms and how to manage them. Future studies should examine mediating factors and examine differences among a larger sample.
Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris
APA 7th
Rodriguez, M. J., Hill, J. R., Gardner, B., Stavig, M. D., Golzarri‐Arroyo, L., Macagno, A. L. M., et al. (2025). The effects of socioeconomic status on perceived self‐efficacy among caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Alzheimer s & Dementia. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz70858_105274
Vancouver
Rodriguez MJ, Hill JR, Gardner B, Stavig MD, Golzarri‐Arroyo L, Macagno ALM, et al. The effects of socioeconomic status on perceived self‐efficacy among caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Alzheimer s & Dementia. 2025. doi:10.1002/alz70858_105274. PMID: 41452941.
BibTeX
@article{rodriguez2025-41452941,
author = {Rodriguez, Miriam Jocelyn and Hill, Jordan R. and Gardner, Bailey and Stavig, Mariana D. and Golzarri‐Arroyo, Lilian and Macagno, Anna L. M. and Zoh, Roger S. and Holden, Richard and others},
title = {{The effects of socioeconomic status on perceived self‐efficacy among caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias}},
journal = {Alzheimer s \& Dementia},
year = {2025},
doi = {10.1002/alz70858_105274},
pmid = {41452941},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/alz70858_105274}
}
Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. The record's author list ends in “et al.”, so not every author is named. Check the citation against the original before you use it.
Key findings
- There were no significant differences in self-efficacy related to obtaining respite and RDPB between SES groups.
- There were significant differences in the CUT domain scores between household income (F=4.615, p < .05) and insurance status groups (F=3.432, p < .01).
- Pairwise comparisons revealed that individuals with private health insurance or Medicaid reported higher self-efficacy in RDPB when compared to individuals covered by Medicare and another insurance type (e.g.
- Individuals with graduate degrees had significantly higher RDPB scores when compared to those with trade school/some college/associates degrees (p < .05).
- In the CUT domain, full time employees reported higher self-efficacy than those who were unemployed (p < .05), and Medicaid recipients scored significantly higher than individuals with private insurance (p < .05), Medicare+ (p < .05) or other insurance (p < .01).
Why it matters
This study found no significant differences in caregiver self-efficacy for obtaining respite between socioeconomic status groups, but did find differences in other areas such as controlling upsetting thoughts. It suggests that insurance status, education, and employment may relate to caregiver self-efficacy, which could inform how support interventions are designed.
Study details
- Participants144
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 37/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, effect reported and randomized / blinded because the record does not state it.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Alzheimer s & Dementia) |
| Journal's citation record | 2 / 4 | Alzheimer s & Dementia: journal h-index 228 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 4 / 5 | 2025 — within 3 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 2 / 4 | 144 participants |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 3 / 3 | Studied in people (participant count stated) |
| Randomized / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomization or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | 0 / 7 | Cited 0 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 0 / 5 | 0.0 citations a year over 3 year(s) since 2025 |
| Impact for its field and year | 0 / 6 | Cited 0.0× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 0 / 6 | No other study in this library cites it |
| Still being cited | 0 / 4 | Cited 0 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | 1 / 4 | Last-listed author Malaz M. Boustani: h-index 12 (OpenAlex, whole career) |
| Institution's track record | 1 / 3 | Indiana University: institution h-index 926 (OpenAlex) |
| Multicenter collaboration | 2 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 5 institution(s) in 1 country |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 41452941) |
| Free to read | 2 / 2 | Free to read |
| Total | 37 / 100 | — |
What each of these 20 components measures, and what this score is not →
Read the original
- DOI: 10.1002/alz70858_105274
- PubMed: 41452941
- Original source →
- Free full text: Alzheimer s & Dementia →
Full text: free to read — OpenAlex lists this copy as free to read: the link above (checked 6 Feb 1020).
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