This page is alzhub.org's plain-English summary of a published study, not the paper itself. It is generated from the record we hold for this study, sourced and linked below — check the original for the full text and methods.

42/100

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 42 out of 100. Risk factors

Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies

Non-White race and adverse social and socioeconomic factors-lower education, unemployment, unmarried status, and greater neighborhood disadvantage-were each associated with poorer cognitive performance (p < 0.05). The negative associations of unmarried status and neighborhood disadvantage with cognitive outcomes were more pronounced among non-White individuals. Adverse social and socioeconomic factors are associated with poorer cognitive outcomes in MS, with disproportionate impact among non‑White individuals. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating social context into cognitive risk assessment and addressing structural inequities in MS care and research.

Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris

APA 7th

Kim, J., Ehde, D. M., Ng, Y. T., Janevic, M. R., VanNostrand, M., Alschuler, K. N., et al. (2026). Social and socioeconomic factors and cognitive outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2026.107440

Vancouver

Kim J, Ehde DM, Ng YT, Janevic MR, VanNostrand M, Alschuler KN, et al. Social and socioeconomic factors and cognitive outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 2026. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2026.107440. PMID: 42600506.

BibTeX

@article{kim2026-42600506,
  author  = {Kim, Jeeyeon and Ehde, Dawn M. and Ng, Yee To and Janevic, Mary R. and VanNostrand, Michael and Alschuler, Kevin N. and Fritz, Nora E. and Kratz, Anna Louise},
  title   = {{Social and socioeconomic factors and cognitive outcomes in multiple sclerosis}},
  journal = {Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders},
  year    = {2026},
  doi     = {10.1016/j.msard.2026.107440},
  pmid    = {42600506},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2026.107440}
}

Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. The record names 8 authors; APA and Vancouver show the first six, BibTeX and the downloads carry all of them. Check the citation against the original before you use it.

Key findings

Non-White race and adverse social and socioeconomic factors-lower education, unemployment, unmarried status, and greater neighborhood disadvantage-were each associated with poorer cognitive performance (p < 0.05).
The negative associations of unmarried status and neighborhood disadvantage with cognitive outcomes were more pronounced among non-White individuals.
Adverse social and socioeconomic factors are associated with poorer cognitive outcomes in MS, with disproportionate impact among non‑White individuals.
These findings underscore the importance of incorporating social context into cognitive risk assessment and addressing structural inequities in MS care and research.

Why it matters

In people with multiple sclerosis, lower education, unemployment, being unmarried, and greater neighborhood disadvantage were each linked to poorer cognitive performance. The negative links of unmarried status and neighborhood disadvantage with cognition were stronger among non-White individuals.

New to this subject? Start with our plain-English guide: Risk factors, ranked →

Study details

Participants274
Effect size77.4%; 72.3%
Evidence strengthLow

How this study scored 42/100

Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design and randomized / blinded because the record does not state it.

Component	Points	Why
Journal tier	7 / 10	Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders)
Journal's citation record	1 / 4	Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders: journal h-index 88 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29)
Study design	0 / 12	No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Strength of evidence	1 / 5	Rated “low” in our summary
Peer-review validation	10 / 10	Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal.
How recent	5 / 5	2026 — within 1 year(s) of the newest study here
Sample size	2 / 4	274 participants
Effect reported	2 / 3	Effect reported as a number, without an interval or test
Studied in people	3 / 3	Studied in people (participant count stated)
Randomized / blinded	0 / 2	No randomization or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Times cited	0 / 7	Cited 0 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10)
Citations per year	0 / 5	0.0 citations a year over 2 year(s) since 2026
Impact for its field and year	0 / 6	Cited 0.0× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI)
Cited by studies here	0 / 6	No other study in this library cites it
Still being cited	0 / 4	Cited 0 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex)
Senior author's track record	2 / 4	Last-listed author Anna Louise Kratz: h-index 36 (OpenAlex, whole career)
Institution's track record	3 / 3	University of Washington: institution h-index 3,540 (OpenAlex)
Multicenter collaboration	2 / 3	OpenAlex lists 4 institution(s) in 1 country
Indexed in PubMed	2 / 2	Indexed in PubMed (PMID 42600506)
Free to read	2 / 2	Free to read
Total	42 / 100	—

What each of these 20 components measures, and what this score is not →

Read the original

Full text: free to read — OpenAlex lists this copy as free to read: the link above (checked 6 Feb 1020).

Studies in the library that share something with this one. The line above each title says what.

Related studies in Risk factors

Also tagged “mini-mental”

840 studies in the library carry the topic tag “mini-mental”; these are this study's neighbours in a fixed, alphabetical-by-hash tour of them, not the closest in content. All 840 tagged studies.

Studies sharing this one's topic tags

Similar studies

More on Risk factors

See all studies in Risk factors →