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Cognitive reserve and brain maintenance in aging and dementia: An integrative review
Gabriela Alvares Pereira, Maria Vânia Silva Nunes, Patricia Alzola, Israel Contador. Applied neuropsychology. Adult, 2021-01-25
Topic: Brain imaging, connectivity and assessment
This research is an integrative review of scientific evidence differentiating between cognitive reserve (CR) and brain maintenance concepts. Thus, we have examined how CR socio-behavioral proxies (i.e. education, occupational attainment, and leisure activities) may help to cope with age-related cognitive decline and negative consequences of brain pathology. We also analyze lifestyle factors associated with brain maintenance or the relative absence of change in neural resources over time. Medline and Web of Science databases were used for the bibliographic search in the last 20 years. Observational cohort studies were selected to analyze the effect of different CR proxies on cognitive decline, including dementia incidence, whereas studies employing functional neuroimaging (fMRI) were used to display the existence of compensation mechanisms. Besides, structural MRI studies were used to test the association between lifestyle factors and neural changes. Our findings suggest that education, leisure activities, and occupational activity are protective factors against cognitive decline and dementia. Moreover, functional neuroimaging studies have verified the existence of brain networks that may underlie CR. Therefore, CR may be expressed either through a more efficient utilization (neural reserve) of brain networks or the recruitment of additional brain regions (compensation). Finally, lifestyle factors such as abstaining from smoking, lower alcohol consumption, and physical activity contributed to brain maintenance and were associated with the preservation of cognitive function. Advances in multimodal neuroimaging studies, preferably longitudinal design, will allow a better understanding of the neural mechanisms associated with the prevention of cognitive decline and preservation of neural resources in aging.
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APA 7th
Pereira, G. A., Nunes, M. V. S., Alzola, P., & Contador, I. (2022). Cognitive reserve and brain maintenance in aging and dementia: An integrative review. Applied neuropsychology. Adult. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2021.1872079
Vancouver
Pereira GA, Nunes MVS, Alzola P, Contador I. Cognitive reserve and brain maintenance in aging and dementia: An integrative review. Applied neuropsychology. Adult. 2022. doi:10.1080/23279095.2021.1872079. PMID: 33492168.
BibTeX
@article{pereira2022-33492168,
author = {Pereira, Gabriela Alvares and Nunes, Maria Vânia Silva and Alzola, Patricia and Contador, Israel},
title = {{Cognitive reserve and brain maintenance in aging and dementia: An integrative review}},
journal = {Applied neuropsychology. Adult},
year = {2022},
doi = {10.1080/23279095.2021.1872079},
pmid = {33492168},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2021.1872079}
}
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Key findings
- We also analyze lifestyle factors associated with brain maintenance or the relative absence of change in neural resources over time.
- Our findings suggest that education, leisure activities, and occupational activity are protective factors against cognitive decline and dementia.
- Finally, lifestyle factors such as abstaining from smoking, lower alcohol consumption, and physical activity contributed to brain maintenance and were associated with the preservation of cognitive function.
- Advances in multimodal neuroimaging studies, preferably longitudinal design, will allow a better understanding of the neural mechanisms associated with the prevention of cognitive decline and preservation of neural resources in aging.
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Study details
- Study designcohort study
- Evidence strengthModerate
How this study scored 57/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal, and it is a cohort study following people over time. Scored zero for sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on journal's citation record, times cited, citations per year, impact for its field and year, cited by studies here, still being cited, senior author's track record, institution's track record, multi-centre collaboration and free to read, so those were left out: it earned 32 of the 56 points we could judge it on, which is 57 out of 100.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Applied neuropsychology. Adult) |
| Journal's citation record | — / 4 | No journal record from OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Study design | 7 / 12 | A cohort study following people over time |
| Strength of evidence | 3 / 5 | Rated “moderate” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 3 / 5 | 2022 — within 6 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | — / 7 | No citation count (not found in OpenAlex) — left out of this score |
| Citations per year | — / 5 | No citation count or no year — left out of this score |
| Impact for its field and year | — / 6 | No field-weighted citation impact (OpenAlex has none yet) — left out of this score |
| Cited by studies here | — / 6 | Not yet checked against this library's citation graph — left out of this score |
| Still being cited | — / 4 | No yearly citation counts — left out of this score |
| Senior author's track record | — / 4 | Senior author's record not available — left out of this score |
| Institution's track record | — / 3 | No institution listed in OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Multi-centre collaboration | — / 3 | Institutions not listed — left out of this score |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 33492168) |
| Free to read | — / 2 | Access not recorded — left out of this score |
| Points | 32 / 56 | Scored on 10 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 32 of the 56 points we could judge it on is 57 out of 100. |
| Total | 57 / 100 | — |
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