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41/100

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Long-term cohort studies

Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies

Compared with stage 0 CKM syndrome, stages 3 and 4 were significantly associated with an increased risk of dementia (hazard ratio [HR], 1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-1.59; HR, 1.80; 95% CI 1.57-2.07). A significant linear trend was observed between CKM syndrome stages and dementia risk. Stage 2 CKM syndrome with more than two risk factors for CKM significantly increased dementia risk (HR, 1.25; 95% CI 1.07-1.46). Advanced CKM syndrome was associated with an increased risk of dementia (HR, 1.62; 95% CI 1.53-1.71). Four systemic inflammation markers significantly mediated the association between CKM syndrome and the risk of dementia. Higher stages of CKM syndrome are associated with an increased risk of dementia, and systemic inflammation mediates this association. These results highlight the importance of early and comprehensive management of poor CKM health to reduce the risk of dementia.

Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris

APA 7th

Li, P., Zhang, H., Ma, J., Wang, J., Lv, S., Zhao, X., et al. (2025). Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome, systemic inflammation, and incident dementia: evidence from 400,740 UK Biobank participants. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-025-01805-6

Vancouver

Li P, Zhang H, Ma J, Wang J, Lv S, Zhao X, et al. Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome, systemic inflammation, and incident dementia: evidence from 400,740 UK Biobank participants. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome. 2025. doi:10.1186/s13098-025-01805-6. PMID: 40611180.

BibTeX

@article{li2025-40611180,
  author  = {Li, Pingan and Zhang, Haiping and Ma, Jianhua and Wang, Jinqi and Lv, Shiyun and Zhao, Xiaoyu and Yang, Xinghua and Luo, Yanxia and others},
  title   = {{Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome, systemic inflammation, and incident dementia: evidence from 400,740 UK Biobank participants}},
  journal = {Diabetology \& Metabolic Syndrome},
  year    = {2025},
  doi     = {10.1186/s13098-025-01805-6},
  pmid    = {40611180},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-025-01805-6}
}

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Key findings

Compared with stage 0 CKM syndrome, stages 3 and 4 were significantly associated with an increased risk of dementia (hazard ratio [HR], 1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-1.59; HR, 1.80; 95% CI 1.57-2.07).
A significant linear trend was observed between CKM syndrome stages and dementia risk.
Stage 2 CKM syndrome with more than two risk factors for CKM significantly increased dementia risk (HR, 1.25; 95% CI 1.07-1.46).
Advanced CKM syndrome was associated with an increased risk of dementia (HR, 1.62; 95% CI 1.53-1.71).
Four systemic inflammation markers significantly mediated the association between CKM syndrome and the risk of dementia.

Why it matters

This study found that higher stages of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome were linked to a higher risk of dementia, with systemic inflammation playing a mediating role. It suggests that early and comprehensive management of poor cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health may help reduce dementia risk.

Study details

Participants389,287
Evidence strengthLow

How this study scored 41/100

Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, effect reported and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on senior author's track record, so that was left out: it earned 39 of the 96 points we could judge it on, which is 41 out of 100.

Component	Points	Why
Journal tier	7 / 10	Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome)
Journal's citation record	1 / 4	Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome: journal h-index 99 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29)
Study design	0 / 12	No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Strength of evidence	1 / 5	Rated “low” in our summary
Peer-review validation	10 / 10	Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal.
How recent	4 / 5	2025 — within 3 year(s) of the newest study here
Sample size	4 / 4	389,287 participants
Effect reported	0 / 3	No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Studied in people	3 / 3	Studied in people (participant count stated)
Randomised / blinded	0 / 2	No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Times cited	1 / 7	Cited 3 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10)
Citations per year	1 / 5	1.0 citations a year over 3 year(s) since 2025
Impact for its field and year	2 / 6	Cited 1.9× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI)
Cited by studies here	0 / 6	No other study in this library cites it
Still being cited	1 / 4	Cited 3 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex)
Senior author's track record	— / 4	Senior author's record not available — left out of this score
Institution's track record	0 / 3	Capital Medical University: institution h-index 643 (OpenAlex)
Multi-centre collaboration	0 / 3	OpenAlex lists 1 institution(s) in 1 country — scores zero (affiliation lists can be incomplete)
Indexed in PubMed	2 / 2	Indexed in PubMed (PMID 40611180)
Free to read	2 / 2	Free to read
Points	39 / 96	Scored on 19 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 39 of the 96 points we could judge it on is 41 out of 100.
Total	41 / 100	—

What each of these 20 components measures, and what this score is not →

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