Get help now — free helplines

You can call any of these for free. You do not need a diagnosis, an appointment, or a crisis to call — questions and plain exhaustion are reasons enough.

  • Alzheimer's Association 24/7 Helpline 800-272-3900 24 hours a day, 365 days a year Free, confidential support and information for people with dementia, caregivers, families and the public. Master's-level clinicians. Also Spanish.
  • 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline 988 24/7 Call or text 988, or chat at 988lifeline.org. For anyone in emotional distress or a mental-health crisis, including caregivers.
  • Alzheimer's Foundation of America (AFA) Helpline 866-232-8484 9:00 am - 9:00 pm ET, seven days a week Licensed social workers providing support, info and referrals. Also text message and web chat. Text: 646-586-5283

In a medical emergency, call 911. More numbers, and what each line does, on the help page.

Each study has a usefulness score out of 100 (rubric version 4.0). Tap a score to see what makes it up.

Highest usefulness score first. Studies without a score come last.

  1. Invited review: Estrogens effects on the brain: multiple sites and molecular mechanisms

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2001-12-01 Disease mechanisms

    Besides their well-established actions on reproductive functions, estrogens exert a variety of actions on many regions of the nervous system that influence higher cognitive function, pain mechanisms, fine motor skills, mood, and susceptibility to seizures; they also appear to have neuroprotective actions in relation to stroke damage and Alzheimer's disease.

  2. Evidence of oxidative damage in Alzheimer's disease brain: central role for amyloid beta-peptide

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Trends in molecular medicine 2001-12-01 Disease mechanisms

    Amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) is heavily deposited in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients.

  3. Neurosteroid metabolism in the human brain

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. European Journal of Endocrinology 2001-12-01 Risk factors

    This review summarizes the current knowledge of the biosynthesis of neurosteroids in the human brain, the enzymes mediating these reactions, their localization and the putative effects of neurosteroids.

  4. GSK3 takes centre stage more than 20 years after its discovery

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. The Biochemical journal 2001-10-01 Risk factors

    Identified originally as a regulator of glycogen metabolism, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is now a well-established component of the Wnt signalling pathway, which is essential for setting up the entire body pattern during embryonic development.

  5. Glutamate uptake

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Progress in neurobiology 2001-09-01 Inflammation and the immune system

    Brain tissue has a remarkable ability to accumulate glutamate.

  6. Increased lipid peroxidation precedes amyloid plaque formation in an animal model of Alzheimer amyloidosis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2001-06-01 Disease mechanisms

    Oxidative stress is a key feature in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain and manifests as lipid peroxidation (LPO).

  7. Mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2001-05-01 Disease mechanisms

    The finding that oxidative damage, including that to nucleic acids, in Alzheimer's disease is primarily limited to the cytoplasm of susceptible neuronal populations suggests that mitochondrial abnormalities might be part of the spectrum of chronic oxidative stress of Alzheimer's disease.

  8. The reduction of NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase 24- and 75-kDa subunits in brains of patients with Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Life sciences 2001-05-01 Down syndrome and Alzheimer's

    NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), one of the most complicated multi-protein enzyme complexes, is important for energy metabolism because it is the initial enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

  9. Low cholesterol stimulates the nonamyloidogenic pathway by its effect on the alpha -secretase ADAM 10

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001-04-17 Risk genes beyond APOE

    Biochemical, epidemiological, and genetic findings demonstrate a link between cholesterol levels, processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), and Alzheimer's disease.

  10. Medicinal Plants and Phytomedicines. Linking Plant Biochemistry and Physiology to Human Health

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000-10-01 Risk factors

    The beneficial medicinal effects of plant materials typically result from the combinations of secondary products present in the plant.

  11. Oxidative stress and apoptosis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology 2000-09-01 Risk factors

    Apoptosis or programmed cell death, is essential for the normal functioning and survival of most multi-cellular organisms.

  12. Folic acid: nutritional biochemistry, molecular biology, and role in disease processes

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Molecular genetics and metabolism 2000-09-01 Prevention and risk

    This paper reviews the chemistry, metabolism, and molecular biology of folic acid, with a particular emphasis on how it is, or may be, involved in many disease processes.

  13. Homocysteine elicits a DNA damage response in neurons that promotes apoptosis and hypersensitivity to excitotoxicity

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2000-09-01 Disease mechanisms

    Elevated plasma levels of the sulfur-containing amino acid homocysteine increase the risk for atherosclerosis, stroke, and possibly Alzheimer's disease, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown.

  14. Hypercholesterolemia accelerates the Alzheimer's amyloid pathology in a transgenic mouse model

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Neurobiology of disease 2000-08-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    Recent data suggest that cholesterol metabolism is linked to susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  15. Glutathione, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. European journal of biochemistry 2000-08-01 Vascular contributions

    There is significant evidence that the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Friedreich's ataxia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, may involve the generation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction.

  16. Free radicals and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract: importance in human health and disease prevention

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Toxicology 2000-08-01 Disease mechanisms

    A large number of synthetic and natural antioxidants have been demonstrated to induce beneficial effects on human health and disease prevention.

  17. Oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Biochimica et biophysica acta 2000-07-01 Genetics

    Oxidative balance is emerging as an important issue in understanding the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

  18. Cytokines and the brain: implications for clinical psychiatry

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. The American journal of psychiatry 2000-05-01 Risk factors

    A better understanding of the role of cytokines in various brain activities will enhance knowledge of specific psychobiological mechanisms in health and disease and provide opportunities for novel treatment interventions.

  19. Reactive oxygen species, cell signaling, and cell injury

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Free radical biology & medicine 2000-05-01 Disease mechanisms

    Oxidative stress has traditionally been viewed as a stochastic process of cell damage resulting from aerobic metabolism, and antioxidants have been viewed simply as free radical scavengers.

  20. Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis, regeneration and functions

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. The Biochemical journal 2000-04-01 Risk factors

    Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) cofactor is essential for various processes, and is present in probably every cell or tissue of higher organisms.

  21. Oxidative stress and Alzheimer disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2000-02-01 Genetics

    Research in the field of molecular biology has helped to provide a better understanding of both the cascade of biochemical events that occurs with Alzheimer disease (AD) and the heterogeneous nature of the disease.

  22. Age-associated increased interleukin-6 gene expression, late-life diseases, and frailty

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Annual review of medicine 2000-01-01 Risk factors

    Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is normally tightly regulated and expressed at low levels, except during infection, trauma, or other stress.

  23. Antioxidants, oxidative stress, and degenerative neurological disorders

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.) 1999-12-01 Disease mechanisms

    The results so far are encouraging but variable and thus confusing.

  24. Exercise, antidepressant medications, and enhanced brain derived neurotrophic factor expression

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 1999-11-01 Prevention trials

    Physical activity and antidepressant treatment have each separately been of significant interest for the management of Alzheimer's disease (AD); particularly the behavioral problems associated with this dementing disorder.

  25. Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Pharmacological research 1999-09-01 Risk factors

    The inclusion of plentiful DHA in the diet improves learning ability, whereas deficiencies of DHA are associated with deficits in learning.

From across this topic

10 of the 1,048 studies in this topic, picked by a fixed rule (a hash of each study's address), not by score or date; each page of this list shows a different 10. The same 10 appear here every time.

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