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35/100

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 35 out of 100. Risk factors

Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies

Plain-language summary

Depression is a multicausal disorder and has been associated with the risk to develop cancer, dementia, diabetes, epilepsy and stroke. As a metabolic disorder depression has been associated with obesity, diabetes, insulin sensitivity, neuropeptide Y, glucose regulation, poor glycemic control, glucagone-like peptide-1, cholezystokinin, ghrelin, leptin, the endocannabinoid system, insulin-like growth factor and gastrin-releasing peptide.

What this study adds

Evidence grade: Low

This is a narrative review. This review states that depression is a multicausal disorder that has been associated with the risk of developing dementia, among other conditions. It reports no findings on treating, curing, or preventing Alzheimer's disease.

Taken from this record’s own fields, not from reading the paper. The grade is assigned from the abstract’s wording; what that means.

Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris

APA 7th

Lang, U. E., & Borgwardt, S. (2013). Molecular mechanisms of depression: perspectives on new treatment strategies. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1159/000350094

Vancouver

Lang UE, Borgwardt S. Molecular mechanisms of depression: perspectives on new treatment strategies. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology. 2013. doi:10.1159/000350094. PMID: 23735822.

BibTeX

@article{lang2013-23735822,
  author  = {Lang, U. E. and Borgwardt, S.},
  title   = {{Molecular mechanisms of depression: perspectives on new treatment strategies}},
  journal = {Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology},
  year    = {2013},
  doi     = {10.1159/000350094},
  pmid    = {23735822},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1159/000350094}
}

Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. Check the citation against the original before you use it.

How to read this study

Design: this is a narrative review. It summarises a field without a fixed search method, so it shows how authors read the evidence rather than measuring it. Use it to find the primary studies, not as a result in itself.
Size: the record gives no participant count. Look for one in the original before trusting a pattern.
Effect: the record gives no effect size, so the summary above cannot say how large any difference was.

What the evidence grade means here

This page is graded low. alzhub.org assigns the grade automatically from keywords in the abstract, not from reading the paper. Low means the abstract matched neither pattern. It is the default label, and it does not mean the work is poor; many sound lab and imaging papers land here. It can add at most 5 of the 100 points in the study score, and it is a label about design, not a verdict on whether the findings are true.

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Key findings

Depression is a multicausal disorder and has been associated with the risk to develop cancer, dementia, diabetes, epilepsy and stroke.
As a metabolic disorder depression has been associated with obesity, diabetes, insulin sensitivity, neuropeptide Y, glucose regulation, poor glycemic control, glucagone-like peptide-1, cholezystokinin, ghrelin, leptin, the endocannabinoid system, insulin-like growth factor and gastrin-releasing peptide.

Why it matters

This review states that depression is a multicausal disorder that has been associated with the risk of developing dementia, among other conditions. It reports no findings on treating, curing, or preventing Alzheimer's disease.

New to this subject? Start with our plain-English guide: Risk factors, ranked →

Study details

Evidence strengthLow

How this study scored 35/100

Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomized / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on times cited, citations per year, impact for its field and year, cited by studies here and still being cited, so those were left out: it earned 25 of the 72 points we could judge it on, which is 35 out of 100.

Component	Points	Why
Journal tier	7 / 10	Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology)
Journal's citation record	1 / 4	Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry: journal h-index 138 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29)
Study design	0 / 12	No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Strength of evidence	1 / 5	Rated “low” in our summary
Peer-review validation	10 / 10	Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal.
How recent	1 / 5	2013 — within 20 year(s) of the newest study here
Sample size	0 / 4	Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Effect reported	0 / 3	No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Studied in people	0 / 3	Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Randomized / blinded	0 / 2	No randomization or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Times cited	— / 7	Citation count not trusted: 4 of 17 library studies citing it were published more than a year before it - a sign OpenAlex merged several works under this DOI — left out of this score
Citations per year	— / 5	Citation count not trusted (see above) — left out of this score
Impact for its field and year	— / 6	Citation count not trusted (see above) — left out of this score
Cited by studies here	— / 6	Library citations not trusted (see above) — left out of this score
Still being cited	— / 4	Citation count not trusted (see above) — left out of this score
Senior author's track record	3 / 4	Last-listed author Stefan Borgwardt: h-index 85 (OpenAlex, whole career)
Institution's track record	0 / 3	University Hospital of Basel: institution h-index 594 (OpenAlex)
Multicenter collaboration	0 / 3	OpenAlex lists 1 institution(s) in 1 country — scores zero (affiliation lists can be incomplete)
Indexed in PubMed	2 / 2	Indexed in PubMed (PMID 23735822)
Free to read	0 / 2	Behind a paywall — scores zero
Points	25 / 72	Scored on 15 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 25 of the 72 points we could judge it on is 35 out of 100.
Total	35 / 100	—

What each of these 20 components measures, and what this score is not →

Read the original

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