Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies
Background Reported rates of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) range widely depending on methodologic differences, including specific sample characteristics, cognitive measures used, normative samples used for neuropsychological tests, and diagnostic criteria. Objectives To operationalize diagnostic criteria for MCI and examine the frequency of MCI in ethnically and linguistically diverse elders (individuals older than 65 years). Design Prospective, community-based longitudinal cohort study. Setting Northern Manhattan, New York, NY. Participants A cohort of 1315 nondemented elderly participants. Main outcome measure A diagnosis of MCI was assigned retrospectively on the basis of comprehensive neuropsychological, functional, and neurologic assessments. Amnestic MCI, as well as forms of mild impairment with other cognitive characteristics, were classified. Results The frequency of amnestic MCI was 5.0% (95% confidence interval, 3.8-6.2). Other subtypes of MCI ranged in frequency from 2.1% to 6.2%. Mild cognitive impairment was more common among those older than 75 years compared with those aged 65 to 75 years. Individuals with fewer than 9 years of schooling were more likely to meet MCI criteria. Apolipoprotein (APOE) E4 allele was more frequent among those with amnestic MCI. Conclusions When proper normative values are used, only age and education, and not race or ethnicity, are associated with higher frequency of MCI. The proportion of nondemented elders with isolated memory deficits is smaller than the proportion with deficits in multiple cognitive domains. The strong association of the APOE E4 allele with only amnestic MCI suggests that there are likely to be multiple causes of cognitive impairment and differential rates of conversion to Alzheimer disease within the cognitive subtypes of MCI.
Key findings
- Results The frequency of amnestic MCI was 5.0% (95% confidence interval, 3.8-6.2).
- Mild cognitive impairment was more common among those older than 75 years compared with those aged 65 to 75 years.
- Conclusions When proper normative values are used, only age and education, and not race or ethnicity, are associated with higher frequency of MCI.
- The strong association of the APOE E4 allele with only amnestic MCI suggests that there are likely to be multiple causes of cognitive impairment and differential rates of conversion to Alzheimer disease within the cognitive subtypes of MCI.
Why it matters
In 1,315 older adults without dementia in Northern Manhattan, about 5% (95% CI 3.8–6.2%) had amnestic mild cognitive impairment, with other MCI types ranging from 2.1% to 6.2%. MCI was more common after age 75 and among people with fewer than 9 years of schooling; the authors conclude that "when proper normative values are used," race or ethnicity was not associated with MCI frequency. APOE E4 was more frequent in amnestic MCI. This is a study of how often MCI occurs, not of treatment or prevention.
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Study details
- Study designcohort study
- Effect size5.0%; 2.1% to 6.2%
- Evidence strengthModerate
How this study scored 65/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal, and it is a randomised controlled trial. Scored zero for sample size because the record does not state it.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Archives of neurology) |
| Journal's citation record | 3 / 4 | Archives of Neurology: journal h-index 353 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 11 / 12 | A randomised controlled trial (from PubMed type “Randomized Controlled Trial”) |
| Strength of evidence | 3 / 5 | Rated “moderate” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 1 / 5 | 2005 — older than 20 years, still counted |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 2 / 3 | Effect reported as a number, without an interval or test |
| Studied in people | 3 / 3 | Studied in people (pubmed indexes it as a clinical or observational study) |
| Randomised / blinded | 1 / 2 | Randomised (as stated in the record) |
| Times cited | 5 / 7 | Cited 266 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 3 / 5 | 11.6 citations a year over 23 year(s) since 2005 |
| Impact for its field and year | 3 / 6 | Cited 7.7× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 4 / 6 | Cited by 33 other studies in this library |
| Still being cited | 2 / 4 | Cited 25 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | 4 / 4 | Last-listed author Richard P Mayeux: h-index 158 (OpenAlex, whole career) |
| Institution's track record | 1 / 3 | Columbia University Irving Medical Center: institution h-index 1,047 (OpenAlex) |
| Multi-centre collaboration | 0 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 1 institution(s) in 1 country — scores zero (affiliation lists can be incomplete) |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 16286549) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Total | 65 / 100 | — |
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Read the original
Full text: free to read — Unpaywall lists this copy as free to read: the link above (checked 10 Oct 2026).
Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris
Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. Check the citation against the original before you use it.
APA 7th
Manly, J. J., Bell-McGinty, S., Tang, M. X., Schupf, N., Stern, Y., & Mayeux, R. (2005). Implementing diagnostic criteria and estimating frequency of mild cognitive impairment in an urban community. Archives of neurology. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.62.11.1739
Vancouver
Manly JJ, Bell-McGinty S, Tang MX, Schupf N, Stern Y, Mayeux R. Implementing diagnostic criteria and estimating frequency of mild cognitive impairment in an urban community. Archives of neurology. 2005. doi:10.1001/archneur.62.11.1739. PMID: 16286549.
BibTeX
@article{manly2005-16286549,
author = {Manly, J. J. and Bell-McGinty, S. and Tang, M. X. and Schupf, N. and Stern, Y. and Mayeux, R.},
title = {{Implementing diagnostic criteria and estimating frequency of mild cognitive impairment in an urban community}},
journal = {Archives of neurology},
year = {2005},
doi = {10.1001/archneur.62.11.1739},
pmid = {16286549},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.62.11.1739}
}
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