Topic: Genetics and APOE
Active PTB was associated with widespread transcriptional remodeling, with 1,389 dysregulated genes organized into 16 PTB-associated co-expression modules. Nested machine learning identified a 12-gene biomarker signature that demonstrated excellent diagnostic performance in the discovery cohort (AUC ≈ 0.99) and retained performance in two independent external PTB datasets without model retraining. Majority of PTB-derived immune co-expression modules exhibited concordant activity in the independent AD cohort. Formal module-preservation analysis demonstrated that several PTB-derived networks retained moderate preservation in AD, supporting partial conservation of co-expression architecture across diseases. Brain transcriptomic mapping demonstrated reproducible region-specific organization across adult brain donors. Integrated neuroanatomical contextualization prioritized a subset of PTB-derived neuroimmune modules using cross-disease transcriptional activity, regional specificity, and inter-donor reproducibility, revealing neuroimmune transcriptional programmes shared across infection and neurodegeneration. Our findings establish a systems-level framework for investigating shared neuroimmune processes across chronic infection and neurodegeneration while identifying reproducible co-expression modules and candidate biomarkers for future studies.
Key findings
- Active PTB was associated with widespread transcriptional remodeling, with 1,389 dysregulated genes organized into 16 PTB-associated co-expression modules.
- Nested machine learning identified a 12-gene biomarker signature that demonstrated excellent diagnostic performance in the discovery cohort (AUC ≈ 0.99) and retained performance in two independent external PTB datasets without model retraining.
- Majority of PTB-derived immune co-expression modules exhibited concordant activity in the independent AD cohort.
- Formal module-preservation analysis demonstrated that several PTB-derived networks retained moderate preservation in AD, supporting partial conservation of co-expression architecture across diseases.
- Brain transcriptomic mapping demonstrated reproducible region-specific organization across adult brain donors.
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Study details
- Evidence strengthModerate
How this study scored 16/100
Preprint — not yet peer-reviewed. It scored 24 on the same rubric, but non-peer-reviewed sources are capped at 16, so it shows as 16. Scored zero for study design, sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on times cited, citations per year, impact for its field and year, cited by studies here, still being cited, senior author's track record, institution's track record and multi-centre collaboration, so those were left out: it earned 15 of the 62 points we could judge it on, which is 24 out of 100.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 2 / 10 | Tier 4 — not a peer-reviewed journal (Research Square) |
| Journal's citation record | 0 / 4 | Not a journal article, so the journal's record does not count |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 3 / 5 | Rated “moderate” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 4 / 10 | Preprint — not yet peer-reviewed. Hosted on a preprint server. |
| How recent | 5 / 5 | 2026 — within 1 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | — / 7 | No citation count (not found in OpenAlex) — left out of this score |
| Citations per year | — / 5 | No citation count or no year — left out of this score |
| Impact for its field and year | — / 6 | No field-weighted citation impact (OpenAlex has none yet) — left out of this score |
| Cited by studies here | — / 6 | Not yet checked against this library's citation graph — left out of this score |
| Still being cited | — / 4 | No yearly citation counts — left out of this score |
| Senior author's track record | — / 4 | Senior author's record not available — left out of this score |
| Institution's track record | — / 3 | No institution listed in OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Multi-centre collaboration | — / 3 | Institutions not listed — left out of this score |
| Indexed in PubMed | 1 / 2 | Not in PubMed, but has a DOI |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Points | 15 / 62 | Scored on 12 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 15 of the 62 points we could judge it on is 24 out of 100. |
| Total | 24 / 100 | Capped to 16 because this is not a peer-reviewed article. |
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Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris
Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. The record names 7 authors; APA and Vancouver show the first six, BibTeX and the downloads carry all of them. Check the citation against the original before you use it.
APA 7th
Taofeek, O. O., Adigun, S. A., Oladipo, E. K., Mushebenge, A. G., Khairallah, A., Akinduti, P., et al. (2026). Integrative systems biology identifies shared neuroimmune co-expression programmes across pulmonary tuberculosis and Alzheimer's disease. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11528962/v1
Vancouver
Taofeek OO, Adigun SA, Oladipo EK, Mushebenge AG, Khairallah A, Akinduti P, et al. Integrative systems biology identifies shared neuroimmune co-expression programmes across pulmonary tuberculosis and Alzheimer's disease. Research Square. 2026. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11528962/v1.
BibTeX
@article{taofeek2026-32f5acbd,
author = {Taofeek, O. O. and Adigun, S. A. and Oladipo, E. K. and Mushebenge, A. G. and Khairallah, A. and Akinduti, P. and Sulaimon, L. A.},
title = {{Integrative systems biology identifies shared neuroimmune co-expression programmes across pulmonary tuberculosis and Alzheimer's disease}},
journal = {Research Square},
year = {2026},
doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-11528962/v1},
url = {https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11528962/v1}
}