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Cerebral hemodynamics and incident depression: the Rotterdam Study
Direk N, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Ikram MA, Hoogendijk WJ, Tiemeier H.. Biological psychiatry, 2012-02-28
Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies
Background According to the vascular depression hypothesis, subclinical cerebrovascular disease can cause depression in older adults. To test this hypothesis, several cross-sectional studies have assessed structural brain parameters, but few have examined hemodynamic alterations in the brain. Methods From the Rotterdam Study, we studied a cohort of 1494 participants (65+ years of age) free of depression, dementia, and stroke at baseline.
Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris
APA 7th
Direk, N., Koudstaal, P. J., Hofman, A., Ikram, M. A., Hoogendijk, W. J., & Tiemeier, H. (2012). Cerebral hemodynamics and incident depression: the Rotterdam Study. Biological psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.01.019
Vancouver
Direk N, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Ikram MA, Hoogendijk WJ, Tiemeier H. Cerebral hemodynamics and incident depression: the Rotterdam Study. Biological psychiatry. 2012. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.01.019. PMID: 22381733.
BibTeX
@article{direk2012-22381733,
author = {Direk, N. and Koudstaal, P. J. and Hofman, A. and Ikram, M. A. and Hoogendijk, W. J. and Tiemeier, H.},
title = {{Cerebral hemodynamics and incident depression: the Rotterdam Study}},
journal = {Biological psychiatry},
year = {2012},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.01.019},
pmid = {22381733},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.01.019}
}
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Key findings
- To test this hypothesis, several cross-sectional studies have assessed structural brain parameters, but few have examined hemodynamic alterations in the brain.
- Methods From the Rotterdam Study, we studied a cohort of 1494 participants (65+ years of age) free of depression, dementia, and stroke at baseline.
- In the middle cerebral artery blood flow velocities and vasomotor reactivity were measured with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography.
- All participants were repeatedly assessed for depressive symptoms with Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D).
Why it matters
This study tested the idea that reduced blood flow in the brain might contribute to depression in older adults, a hypothesis linking vascular problems to mood disorders. It measured blood flow velocities and vasomotor reactivity in participants free of depression, dementia, and stroke at the start.
Study details
- Study designcross-sectional
- Participants1,494
- Evidence strengthModerate
How this study scored 53/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal, and it is a snapshot of people at one point in time. Scored zero for effect reported and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Biological psychiatry) |
| Journal's citation record | 3 / 4 | Biological Psychiatry: journal h-index 428 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 4 / 12 | A snapshot of people at one point in time |
| Strength of evidence | 3 / 5 | Rated “moderate” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 1 / 5 | 2012 — within 20 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 3 / 4 | 1,494 participants |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 3 / 3 | Studied in people (participant count stated) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | 4 / 7 | Cited 63 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 2 / 5 | 3.9 citations a year over 16 year(s) since 2012 |
| Impact for its field and year | 3 / 6 | Cited 3.9× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 2 / 6 | Cited by 4 other studies in this library |
| Still being cited | 1 / 4 | Cited 8 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | 4 / 4 | Last-listed author Henning W. Tiemeier: h-index 144 (OpenAlex, whole career) |
| Institution's track record | 1 / 3 | Erasmus MC: institution h-index 1,321 (OpenAlex) |
| Multi-centre collaboration | 0 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 1 institution(s) in 1 country — scores zero (affiliation lists can be incomplete) |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 22381733) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Total | 53 / 100 | — |
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