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A systematic review of the association between the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia and burden of care
Black W, Almeida OP.. International psychogeriatrics, 2004-09-01
Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies
Background Several reports have indicated that the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) are associated with increased burden of care, carer depression and increased rates of institutionalization of patients. The present study aims to review the association between these variables in cross-sectional as well as longitudinal studies. Methods Systematic review and meta-analysis of all available information published in English between January 1990 and December 2001 was made. Case-reports, case-series and studies with 20 or fewer subjects were excluded from the analyses. Results Thirty articles are included in the review of cross-sectional data and 12 in the systematic review of longitudinal data. Pooled correlation coefficients were generated for the relationship between BPSD and caregiver burden (r(pooled) = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.52 to 0.62), caregiver psychological distress (r(pooled) = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.32 to 0.49) and caregiver depression (r(pooled) = 0.30; 95% CI= 0.21 to 0.39), suggesting that these concepts have a moderately strong association. Multivariate data, on the whole, further supported the notion that BPSD are a predictor of burden of care and of psychological distress and depression. Limited longitudinal data made clarifying the temporal relationahip between BPSD and the psychological sequelae of care (PSC) difficult. The limited data pertaining to the relationship between BPSD and institutionalization suggest that caregiver variables may be more important in predicting institutionalization than BPSD. Methodological issues and limitations associated with this type of investigation were also considered. Conclusion The results of this review support, but do not conclusively establish, the association between BPSD and PSC. We propose that the concept of burden of care be abandoned in favor of more clinically relevant outcomes such as caregiver depression.
Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris
APA 7th
Black, W., & Almeida, O. P. (2004). A systematic review of the association between the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia and burden of care. International psychogeriatrics. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610204000468
Vancouver
Black W, Almeida OP. A systematic review of the association between the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia and burden of care. International psychogeriatrics. 2004. doi:10.1017/s1041610204000468. PMID: 15559754.
BibTeX
@article{black2004-15559754,
author = {Black, W. and Almeida, O. P.},
title = {{A systematic review of the association between the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia and burden of care}},
journal = {International psychogeriatrics},
year = {2004},
doi = {10.1017/s1041610204000468},
pmid = {15559754},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610204000468}
}
Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. Check the citation against the original before you use it.
Key findings
- Background Several reports have indicated that the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) are associated with increased burden of care, carer depression and increased rates of institutionalization of patients.
- Results Thirty articles are included in the review of cross-sectional data and 12 in the systematic review of longitudinal data.
- Pooled correlation coefficients were generated for the relationship between BPSD and caregiver burden (r(pooled) = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.52 to 0.62), caregiver psychological distress (r(pooled) = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.32 to 0.49) and caregiver depression (r(pooled) = 0.30; 95% CI= 0.21 to 0.39), suggesting that these concepts have a moderately strong association.
- The limited data pertaining to the relationship between BPSD and institutionalization suggest that caregiver variables may be more important in predicting institutionalization than BPSD.
- Methodological issues and limitations associated with this type of investigation were also considered.
Why it matters
Pooling 30 cross-sectional and 12 longitudinal studies, this review found moderate associations between behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and caregiver burden, distress and depression. It addresses caregiving impact only and offers no treatment or prevention for Alzheimer's disease.
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Study details
- Study designsystematic review
- Evidence strengthHigh
How this study scored 59/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal, and it is a systematic review of all the studies on the question. Scored zero for sample size, effect reported and studied in people because the record does not state it.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (International psychogeriatrics) |
| Journal's citation record | 2 / 4 | International Psychogeriatrics: journal h-index 161 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 12 / 12 | A systematic review of all the studies on the question |
| Strength of evidence | 5 / 5 | Rated “high” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 1 / 5 | 2004 — older than 20 years, still counted |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | A review of other studies — randomisation is not credited here |
| Times cited | 6 / 7 | Cited 307 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 3 / 5 | 12.8 citations a year over 24 year(s) since 2004 |
| Impact for its field and year | 1 / 6 | Cited 1.0× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 3 / 6 | Cited by 15 other studies in this library |
| Still being cited | 2 / 4 | Cited 27 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | 3 / 4 | Last-listed author Osvaldo P. Almeida: h-index 90 (OpenAlex, whole career) |
| Institution's track record | 1 / 3 | The University of Western Australia: institution h-index 1,026 (OpenAlex) |
| Multi-centre collaboration | 1 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 2 institution(s) in 1 country |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 15559754) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Total | 59 / 100 | — |
What each of these 20 components measures, and what this score is not →
Read the original
- DOI: 10.1017/s1041610204000468
- PubMed: 15559754
- Original source →
- Free full text: International Psychogeriatrics →
Full text: free to read — OpenAlex lists this copy as free to read: the link above (checked 6 Feb 1020).
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