Get help now — free helplines

You can call any of these for free. You do not need a diagnosis, an appointment, or a crisis to call — questions and plain exhaustion are reasons enough.

  • Alzheimer's Association 24/7 Helpline 800-272-3900 24 hours a day, 365 days a year Free, confidential support and information for people with dementia, caregivers, families and the public. Master's-level clinicians. Also Spanish.
  • 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline 988 24/7 Call or text 988, or chat at 988lifeline.org. For anyone in emotional distress or a mental-health crisis, including caregivers.
  • Alzheimer's Foundation of America (AFA) Helpline 866-232-8484 9:00 am - 9:00 pm ET, seven days a week Licensed social workers providing support, info and referrals. Also text message and web chat. Text: 646-586-5283

In a medical emergency, call 911. More numbers, and what each line does, on the help page.

Newest in this topic

  1. Evidence for Reduced Somatic T-Cell Receptor Sequence Diversity Profiles Among Midwestern Amish in an Aging Cohort Study 2026-10-18
  2. Gantenerumab reduces brain amyloid-β proteoforms: Biochemical evaluation in dominantly inherited Alzheimer disease 2026-09-29
  3. Genetic Insights Into Protective Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Stroke and Alzheimer Disease Across Ancestries 2026-09-25

Studies

1,346 studies carry this tag.

Date range

1982 to 2026

Top journals

  • Neurology 92
  • The Journal of biological chemistry 67
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 47
  • Archives of neurology 43
  • JAMA neurology 36

372 journals in all.

Newest first, then by address. Each study has a usefulness score out of 100 (rubric version 4.0); tap a score to see what makes it up. Tags were assigned automatically from each study's title and summary. The same studies as a filter in the library.

  1. Lower cognitive performance in normal older adult male twins carrying the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 46 out of 100. Archives of neurology 1994-12-01 Genetics

    The apoE epsilon 4 allele may be associated with decreased cognitive function in discordant twin pairs.

  2. Amyloid-associated proteins alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and apolipoprotein E promote assembly of Alzheimer beta-protein into filaments

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 57 out of 100. Nature 1994-11-01 Genetics

    The protease inhibitor alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and the lipid transport protein apolipoprotein E (apoE) are intimately associated with the 42-amino-acid beta-peptide (A beta) in the filamentous amyloid deposits of Alzheimer's disease.

  3. Conformation and fibrillogenesis of Alzheimer A beta peptides with selected substitution of charged residues

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 44 out of 100. Journal of molecular biology 1994-11-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    A key pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the formation and accumulation of amyloid fibers within the neurophil as senile plaques and in the walls of cerebral and meningeal blood vessels.

  4. Gene expression in Alzheimer neocortex as a function of age and pathologic severity

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 32 out of 100. Neurobiology of aging 1994-11-01 Biomarkers

    Previous studies have shown a marked decline in neuronal and an increase in glial gene expression in Alzheimer's disease (AD) neocortex.

  5. Isoform-specific interactions of apolipoprotein E with microtubule-associated protein tau: implications for Alzheimer disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 49 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1994-11-01 Genetics

    The apolipoprotein E (apoE) type 4 allele (APOE4) is a susceptibility gene for late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer disease.

  6. Non-fibrillar beta-amyloid protein is associated with smooth muscle cells of vessel walls in Alzheimer disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology 1994-11-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    Meningeal blood vessels were studied in Alzheimer disease (AD) and control brain specimens obtained from autopsies within 16 hours after death.

  7. S100 beta protein expression in Alzheimer disease: potential role in the pathogenesis of neuritic plaques

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Journal of neuroscience research 1994-11-01 Biomarkers

    Increased synthesis and release of S100 beta protein from activated astrocytes has been implicated in the overgrowth of dystrophic neurites in neuritic plaques in Alzheimer disease (AD).

  8. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 38 out of 100. Dementia (Basel, Switzerland) 1994-09-01 Genetics

    The frequency of the epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) is increased in familial and sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease, but its prevalence in non-Alzheimer dementias in Caucasian populations is unknown.

  9. Increased monoamine oxidase B activity in plaque-associated astrocytes of Alzheimer brains revealed by quantitative enzyme radioautography

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 42 out of 100. Neuroscience 1994-09-01 Inflammation and the immune system

    The aetiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease are currently poorly understood, but symptomatic disease is associated with amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss and numerous alterations of neurotransmitter systems in the CNS.

  10. Neuropathology and apolipoprotein E profile of aged chimpanzees: implications for Alzheimer disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1994-09-01 Genetics

    Neuropathological findings in three aged chimpanzees were compared with those in rhesus monkeys and individuals with Alzheimer disease.

  11. Relative abundance of Alzheimer A beta amyloid peptide variants in Alzheimer disease and normal aging

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 49 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1994-08-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    The Alzheimer A beta amyloid peptide (A beta) is the principal proteinaceous component of amyloid associated with Alzheimer disease (AD).

  12. Frequency of the apolipoprotein E epsilon 2 allele is diminished in sporadic Alzheimer disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 44 out of 100. Neuroscience letters 1994-07-01 Genetics

    Recent data have demonstrated genetic disequilibrium between inheritance of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) epsilon 4 allele and increased risk of Alzheimer disease.

  13. Visualization of Aβ42(43) and Aβ40 in senile plaques with end-specific Aβ monoclonals: Evidence that an initially deposited species is Aβ42(43)

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 51 out of 100. Neuron 1994-07-01 Brain tissue and pathology

  14. Protective effect of apolipoprotein E type 2 allele for late onset Alzheimer disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 60 out of 100. Nature genetics 1994-06-01 Genetics

    Gene dosage of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon 4 allele is a major risk factor for familial Alzheimer disease (AD) of late onset (after age 60).

  15. An Increased Percentage of Long Amyloid β Protein Secreted by Familial Amyloid β Protein Precursor (βApp 717 ) Mutants

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 54 out of 100. Science 1994-05-27 Risk genes beyond APOE

    Normal processing of the amyloid beta protein precursor (beta APP) results in secretion of a soluble 4-kilodalton protein essentially identical to the amyloid beta protein (A beta) that forms insoluble fibrillar deposits in Alzheimer's disease.

  16. Advanced glycation end products contribute to amyloidosis in Alzheimer disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1994-05-01 Disease mechanisms

    Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by deposits of an aggregated 42-amino-acid beta-amyloid peptide (beta AP) in the brain and cerebrovasculature.

  17. Apolipoprotein E4 allele in a population-based study of early-onset Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 52 out of 100. Nature genetics 1994-05-01 Brain tissue and pathology

    Several studies have reported an association of the apolipoprotein E allele epsilon 4 (APOE*4) to familial and sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD).

  18. Estrogen regulates metabolism of Alzheimer amyloid beta precursor protein

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 46 out of 100. The Journal of biological chemistry 1994-05-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    We have investigated the possible effect of estrogen on the metabolism of the Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein (APP).

  19. Morphologic and biochemical analysis of the intracellular trafficking of the Alzheimer beta/A4 amyloid precursor protein

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 46 out of 100. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 1994-05-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    Abnormal metabolic processing of the beta/A4 amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.

  20. Soluble amyloid beta-protein is a marker of Alzheimer amyloid in brain but not in cerebrospinal fluid

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 1994-05-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    The amyloid beta protein (A beta), a 4 kD fragment of the beta amyloid precursor protein, is deposited as insoluble amyloid in the brain of Alzheimer disease (AD) subjects.

  21. Apolipoprotein E: risk factor for Alzheimer disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. American journal of human genetics 1994-04-01 Genetics

    The apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) has three common alleles (epsilon 2, epsilon 3, and epsilon 4) that determine six genotypes in the general population.

  22. Beta amyloid protein deposition in the brain after severe head injury: implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 53 out of 100. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 1994-04-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    In a recent preliminary study it was reported that a severe head injury resulted in the deposition of beta amyloid protein (beta AP) in the cortical ribbon of 30% of patients who survived for less than two weeks.

  23. Chemical characterization of A beta 17-42 peptide, a component of diffuse amyloid deposits of Alzheimer disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 43 out of 100. The Journal of biological chemistry 1994-04-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    A peptide corresponding to the amino acid sequence of A beta 17-42 (LVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVVIA) was isolated from Alzheimer Disease patient brains containing large deposits of diffuse-type amyloid.

  24. Cell cycle-dependent regulation of the phosphorylation and metabolism of the Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 43 out of 100. The EMBO journal 1994-03-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    Accumulation of the amyloid A beta peptide, which is derived from a larger precursor protein (APP), and the formation of plaques, are major events believed to be involved in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease.

  25. Membrane lipids, selectively diminished in Alzheimer brains, suggest synapse loss as a primary event in early-onset form (type I) and demyelination in late-onset form (type II)

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 43 out of 100. Journal of neurochemistry 1994-03-01 Brain tissue and pathology

    Major membrane lipids were quantified in frontal (Brodmann area 9) and temporal (Brodmann areas 21 and 22) cortices, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, and frontal white matter of 12 cases with Alzheimer's disease (AD) type I (early onset), 21 cases with AD type II (late onset), and 20 age-matched controls.

  26. Hypothesis: microtubule instability and paired helical filament formation in the Alzheimer disease brain are related to apolipoprotein E genotype

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Experimental neurology 1994-02-01 Brain tissue and pathology

    A genetic classification of Alzheimer disease(s) (AD) is presented.

  27. apl-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans gene encoding a protein related to the human beta-amyloid protein precursor

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993-12-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    The major component of senile plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer disease patients is the beta-amyloid peptide, which is derived from a larger amyloid precursor protein (APP).

  28. pH-dependent binding of synthetic beta-amyloid peptides to glycosaminoglycans

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 38 out of 100. Journal of neurochemistry 1993-12-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    The senile plaques found within the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the Alzheimer disease brain contain beta-amyloid peptide (A beta) fibrils that are associated with a variety of macromolecular species, including dermatan sulfate proteoglycan and heparan sulfate proteoglycan.

  29. Early and rapid de novo synthesis of Alzheimer beta A4-amyloid precursor protein (APP) in activated microglia

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Glia 1993-11-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    Upon acute activation, microglia, the immuneffector cells of the brain parenchyma, express the amyloid precursor protein (APP) that is otherwise prominent in pathological structures related to Alzheimer's disease.

  30. Giant multilevel cation channels formed by Alzheimer disease amyloid beta-protein [A beta P-(1-40)] in bilayer membranes

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 47 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993-11-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    We have recently shown that the Alzheimer disease 40-residue amyloid beta-protein [A beta P-(1-40)] can form cation-selective channels when incorporated into planar lipid bilayers by fusion of liposomes containing the peptide.

  31. Morphological and biochemical analyses of amyloid plaque core proteins purified from Alzheimer disease brain tissue

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 44 out of 100. Journal of neurochemistry 1993-11-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    Amyloid plaque cores were purified from Alzheimer disease brain tissue.

  32. The apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele in patients with Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 55 out of 100. Annals of neurology 1993-11-01 Disparities

    Apolipoprotein E (APO-E) binds to the beta-amyloid peptide and is present in senile neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  33. Apolipoprotein E in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: Allelic variation and receptor interactions

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 54 out of 100. Neuron 1993-10-01 Genetics

  34. Increased amyloid beta-peptide deposition in cerebral cortex as a consequence of apolipoprotein E genotype in late-onset Alzheimer disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 53 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993-10-01 Genetics

    Amyloid beta-peptide (A beta) deposition in senile plaques and cerebral vessels is a neuropathological feature of Alzheimer disease (AD).

  35. Binding of human apolipoprotein E to synthetic amyloid beta peptide: isoform-specific effects and implications for late-onset Alzheimer disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 54 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993-09-01 Genetics

    Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a plasma apolipoprotein that plays a central role in lipoprotein metabolism, is localized in the senile plaques, congophilic angiopathy, and neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer disease.

  36. Gene Dose of Apolipoprotein E Type 4 Allele and the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease in Late Onset Families

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 63 out of 100. Science 1993-08-13 Genetics

    The apolipoprotein E type 4 allele (APOE-epsilon 4) is genetically associated with the common late onset familial and sporadic forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  37. Association of apolipoprotein E allele ϵ4 with late‐onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 65 out of 100. Neurology 1993-08-01 Genetics

    Apolipoprotein E, type epsilon 4 allele (APOE epsilon 4), is associated with late-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  38. Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin binding to Alzheimer A beta peptides is sequence specific and induces fibril disaggregation in vitro

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 43 out of 100. Journal of neurochemistry 1993-07-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    The serine protease inhibitor alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) consistently colocalizes with amyloid deposits of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may contribute to the generation of amyloid proteins and/or physically affect fibril assembly.

  39. Widespread activation of calcium-activated neutral proteinase (calpain) in the brain in Alzheimer disease: a potential molecular basis for neuronal degeneration

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 51 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993-04-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    Calcium-activated neutral proteinases (CANPs or calpains) are believed to be key enzymes in intracellular signaling cascades and potential mediators of calcium-induced neuronal degeneration.

  40. Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 58 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993-03-01 Genetics

    Apolipoprotein E is immunochemically localized to the senile plaques, vascular amyloid, and neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer disease.

  41. Generation of beta-amyloid in the secretory pathway in neuronal and nonneuronal cells

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993-03-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    The cellular mechanism underlying the generation of beta-amyloid in Alzheimer disease and its relationship to the normal metabolism of the amyloid precursor protein are unknown.

  42. Identification of the Alzheimer beta/A4 amyloid precursor protein in clathrin-coated vesicles purified from PC12 cells

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 44 out of 100. The Journal of biological chemistry 1993-01-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    The Alzheimer beta/A4 amyloid precursor protein (APP) can be proteolytically processed by at least two separate pathways in PC12 cells: chloroquine-insensitive secretory cleavage and chloroquine-sensitive intracellular degradation, presumably in the endosomal/lysosomal system.

  43. MHC class II-positive microglia in human brain: association with Alzheimer lesions

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 44 out of 100. Journal of neuroscience research 1992-12-01 Inflammation and the immune system

    Cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) present foreign antigen on their cell surfaces bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules.

  44. Mutation of the β-amyloid precursor protein in familial Alzheimer's disease increases β-protein production

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 58 out of 100. Nature 1992-12-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

  45. Deposition of beta/A4 immunoreactivity and neuronal pathology in transgenic mice expressing the carboxyl-terminal fragment of the Alzheimer amyloid precursor in the brain

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 42 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1992-11-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    The deposition of amyloid in senile plaques and along the walls of the cerebral vasculature is a characteristic feature of Alzheimer disease.

  46. Linkage and mutational analysis of familial Alzheimer disease kindreds for the APP gene region

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 38 out of 100. American journal of human genetics 1992-11-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    A large number of familial Alzheimer disease (FAD) kindreds were examined to determine whether mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene could be responsible for the disease.

  47. Increased expression of beta-amyloid precursor protein during neuronal differentiation is not accompanied by secretory cleavage

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1992-10-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    Despite increasing evidence for a pathogenetic role for the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP) in Alzheimer disease, the physiological function of the protein remains unclear.

  48. Release of Alzheimer amyloid precursor derivatives stimulated by activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 55 out of 100. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1992-10-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    Altered processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a central event in the formation of amyloid deposits in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease.

  49. Amyloid β-peptide is produced by cultured cells during normal metabolism

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 58 out of 100. Nature 1992-09-01 Disease mechanisms

  50. A pathogenic mutation for probable Alzheimer's disease in the APP gene at the N–terminus of β–amyloid

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 54 out of 100. Nature Genetics 1992-08-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

From across this tag

10 of the 1,344 studies in this tag, picked by a fixed rule (a hash of each study's address), not by score or date; each page of this list shows a different 10. The same 10 appear here every time.

All topic tags with their study counts