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56/100

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 56 out of 100. Risk factors

Topic: Amyloid, tau and blood-test diagnosis

Background The objective is to identify risk factors that contribute to sex differences in Alzheimer dementia (AD) patients with encephalopathy (ADEN) and determine whether these factors are different between male and female ADEN patients. This is the first large-scale study comparing sex-specific ADEN risk profiles. Methods Our retrospective cohort study analyzed data collected from February 2016 to August 2020. It included a total of 128,769 AD patients, among whom 41,266 AD patients also presented with encephalopathy, compared to 87,503 AD patients that did not. The univariate analysis was used to determine differences in risk factors for male and female AD patients. Multivariate analysis predicted specific risk factors associated with male and female ADEN patients. Result In the adjusted analysis, males presented with hypertension (OR = 1.144, 95% CI, 1.094–1.197, p < 0.001), peripheral vascular disease (OR = 1.606, 95% CI, 1.485–1.737, p < 0.001), atrial fibrillation (OR = 1.555, 95% CI, 1.443–1.676, p < 0.001), hallucinations (OR = 1.406, 95% CI, 1.119–1.766, p = 0.003), and traumatic head injury (OR = 3.211, 95% CI, 2.346–4.395, p < 0.001). Females presented with osteoporosis (OR = 0.307, 95% CI, 0.278–0.340, p < 0.001), unspecified cancer (OR = 0.615, 95% CI, 0.512–0.740, p < 0.001), anxiety (OR = 0.609, 95% CI, 0.565–0.655, p < 0.001), urinary tract infections (UTI) (OR = 0.451, 95% CI, 0.423–0.481, p < 0.001), upper respiratory infections (URI) (OR = 0.531, 95% CI, 0.432–0.653, p < 0.001) and gastrointestinal ulceration (OR = 0.338, 95% CI, 0.269–0.424, p < 0.001). Conclusion Our analysis identified risk factors that contribute to sex differences in ADEN. This difference was fully mediated by peripheral vascular disease, atrial fibrillation, hallucinations, and traumatic head injury for males and unspecified cancer, anxiety, urinary tract infections, upper respiratory infections, and gastrointestinal ulceration for females. These findings provide valuable insights into the risk factors that can be managed to improve the care of male and female ADEN patients.

Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris

APA 7th

O’Brien, C. J., Patterson, J. C., Ojo, D. T., Faulstich, N. G., Bucci, K. J., Brewer, P. C., et al. (2025). Sex differences in risk factors for Alzheimer dementia encephalopathy patients. Frontiers in Dementia. https://doi.org/10.3389/frdem.2025.1593788

Vancouver

O’Brien CJ, Patterson JC, Ojo DT, Faulstich NG, Bucci KJ, Brewer PC, et al. Sex differences in risk factors for Alzheimer dementia encephalopathy patients. Frontiers in Dementia. 2025. doi:10.3389/frdem.2025.1593788. PMID: 40491970.

BibTeX

@article{obrien2025-40491970,
  author  = {O’Brien, Connor John and Patterson, James C. and Ojo, Dami Taiwo and Faulstich, Nathan Gerhard and Bucci, Killian Joseph and Brewer, Philip Cole and Imeh‐Nathaniel, Adebobola and Nathaniel, Emmanuel I. and others},
  title   = {{Sex differences in risk factors for Alzheimer dementia encephalopathy patients}},
  journal = {Frontiers in Dementia},
  year    = {2025},
  doi     = {10.3389/frdem.2025.1593788},
  pmid    = {40491970},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.3389/frdem.2025.1593788}
}

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Key findings

It included a total of 128,769 AD patients, among whom 41,266 AD patients also presented with encephalopathy, compared to 87,503 AD patients that did not.
Multivariate analysis predicted specific risk factors associated with male and female ADEN patients.
Result In the adjusted analysis, males presented with hypertension (OR = 1.144, 95% CI, 1.094–1.197, p < 0.001), peripheral vascular disease (OR = 1.606, 95% CI, 1.485–1.737, p < 0.001), atrial fibrillation (OR = 1.555, 95% CI, 1.443–1.676, p < 0.001), hallucinations (OR = 1.406, 95% CI, 1.119–1.766, p = 0.003), and traumatic head injury (OR = 3.211, 95% CI, 2.346–4.395, p < 0.001).
These findings provide valuable insights into the risk factors that can be managed to improve the care of male and female ADEN patients.

Why it matters

This large study found that certain risk factors for encephalopathy in Alzheimer's patients differ between men and women, such as hypertension and traumatic head injury in men and osteoporosis and anxiety in women. It identifies associations only, so it does not show that treating these conditions would prevent or cure Alzheimer's disease.

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Study details

Study designcohort study
Participants128,769
Effect sizeOR = 1.144; OR = 1.606; OR = 1.555
Evidence strengthModerate

How this study scored 56/100

Published in a peer-reviewed journal, and it is a cohort study following people over time. Scored zero for randomized / blinded because the record does not state it.

Component	Points	Why
Journal tier	7 / 10	Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Frontiers in Dementia)
Journal's citation record	0 / 4	Frontiers in Dementia: journal h-index 13 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29)
Study design	7 / 12	A cohort study following people over time
Strength of evidence	3 / 5	Rated “moderate” in our summary
Peer-review validation	10 / 10	Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal.
How recent	4 / 5	2025 — within 3 year(s) of the newest study here
Sample size	4 / 4	128,769 participants
Effect reported	3 / 3	Effect reported with a statistic (interval, p-value, ratio or similar)
Studied in people	3 / 3	Studied in people (participant count stated)
Randomized / blinded	0 / 2	No randomization or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Times cited	1 / 7	Cited 4 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10)
Citations per year	1 / 5	1.3 citations a year over 3 year(s) since 2025
Impact for its field and year	2 / 6	Cited 2.5× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI)
Cited by studies here	2 / 6	Cited by 3 other studies in this library
Still being cited	1 / 4	Cited 4 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex)
Senior author's track record	2 / 4	Last-listed author Thomas I. Nathaniel: h-index 23 (OpenAlex, whole career)
Institution's track record	1 / 3	University of South Carolina: institution h-index 712 (OpenAlex)
Multicenter collaboration	1 / 3	OpenAlex lists 3 institution(s) in 1 country
Indexed in PubMed	2 / 2	Indexed in PubMed (PMID 40491970)
Free to read	2 / 2	Free to read
Total	56 / 100	—

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