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Sex differences in risk factors associated with Alzheimer’s dementia patients with irritability and anger
Philip Cole Brewer, Timi Ojo, Killian Joseph Bucci, Claire O’Brien, Dami Taiwo Ojo, Emmanuel I. Nathaniel, Nathan Gerhard Faulstich, Adebobola Imeh‐Nathaniel et al.. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus, 2025-07-03
Topic: Amyloid, tau and blood-test diagnosis
Background The objective of this study is to identify risk factors that contribute to sex differences in Alzheimer dementia (AD) patients that also present with irritability and anger (ADIA) and determine whether these factors are different between male and female patients with ADIA. Method We used data from the of database for AD with a history of irritability and collected from a large academic center from 2016 to 2020. A total of 128,769 patients with AD were identified: 72,896 females and 55,873 males. Univariate was used to stratified risk factors base on sex and presence or absence of anger and irritability among AD patients. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each risk factor or demographic were used to predict the odds of a specific risk factors being associated with male or female ADIA. Result In the adjusted analysis, male ADIA patients were more likely to present with hypertension (OR = 2.894, 95% CI, 2.079-4.028), insomnia (OR = 1.736, 95% CI, 1.132-2.663), dyslipidemia (OR = 1.974, 95% CI, 1.119-3.482), and peripheral vascular disease (OR = 44.135, 95% CI, 4.344-448.364). Females were more likely to present with osteoporosis (OR = 0.002, 95% CI, 0.001-0.023), gait dysfunction (OR = 0.034, 95% CI, 0.003-0.452), anxiety (OR = 0.634, 95% CI, 0.472-0.852), urinary tract infection (OR = 0.157, 95% CI, 0.063-0.393), headaches (OR = 0.121, 95% CI, 0.052-0.282) and pneumonia (OR = 0.209, 95% CI, 0.114-0.384). Conclusion This study reveals key sex differences in ADIA patients. A population-based approach that tackles inequalities in risk factors may offer population-based healthcare and care of male and female ADIA patients.
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APA 7th
Brewer, P. C., Ojo, T., Bucci, K. J., O’Brien, C., Ojo, D. T., Nathaniel, E. I., et al. (2025). Sex differences in risk factors associated with Alzheimer’s dementia patients with irritability and anger. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aggp.2025.100184
Vancouver
Brewer PC, Ojo T, Bucci KJ, O’Brien C, Ojo DT, Nathaniel EI, et al. Sex differences in risk factors associated with Alzheimer’s dementia patients with irritability and anger. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus. 2025. doi:10.1016/j.aggp.2025.100184.
BibTeX
@article{brewer2025-8b8feccd,
author = {Brewer, Philip Cole and Ojo, Timi and Bucci, Killian Joseph and O’Brien, Claire and Ojo, Dami Taiwo and Nathaniel, Emmanuel I. and Faulstich, Nathan Gerhard and Imeh‐Nathaniel, Adebobola and others},
title = {{Sex differences in risk factors associated with Alzheimer’s dementia patients with irritability and anger}},
journal = {Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus},
year = {2025},
doi = {10.1016/j.aggp.2025.100184},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aggp.2025.100184}
}
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Key findings
- The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each risk factor or demographic were used to predict the odds of a specific risk factors being associated with male or female ADIA.
- Result In the adjusted analysis, male ADIA patients were more likely to present with hypertension (OR = 2.894, 95% CI, 2.079-4.028), insomnia (OR = 1.736, 95% CI, 1.132-2.663), dyslipidemia (OR = 1.974, 95% CI, 1.119-3.482), and peripheral vascular disease (OR = 44.135, 95% CI, 4.344-448.364).
Why it matters
In this study of Alzheimer's dementia patients with irritability and anger, men were more likely to have hypertension, insomnia, dyslipidemia, and peripheral vascular disease, while women were more likely to have osteoporosis, gait dysfunction, anxiety, urinary tract infection, and headaches. These findings point to different risk factor profiles by sex, which could inform how irritability and anger are managed in Alzheimer's patients.
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Study details
- Participants128,769
- Effect sizeOR = 2.894; OR = 1.736; OR = 1.974
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 45/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus) |
| Journal's citation record | 0 / 4 | Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus: journal h-index 12 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 4 / 5 | 2025 — within 3 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 4 / 4 | 128,769 participants |
| Effect reported | 3 / 3 | Effect reported with a statistic (interval, p-value, ratio or similar) |
| Studied in people | 3 / 3 | Studied in people (participant count stated) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | 1 / 7 | Cited 3 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 1 / 5 | 1.0 citations a year over 3 year(s) since 2025 |
| Impact for its field and year | 2 / 6 | Cited 1.9× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 1 / 6 | Cited by 1 other studies in this library |
| Still being cited | 1 / 4 | Cited 3 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | 2 / 4 | Last-listed author Thomas I. Nathaniel: h-index 23 (OpenAlex, whole career) |
| Institution's track record | 1 / 3 | University of South Carolina: institution h-index 712 (OpenAlex) |
| Multi-centre collaboration | 1 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 2 institution(s) in 1 country |
| Indexed in PubMed | 1 / 2 | Not in PubMed, but has a DOI |
| Free to read | 2 / 2 | Free to read |
| Total | 45 / 100 | — |
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Read the original
- DOI: 10.1016/j.aggp.2025.100184
- Original source →
- Free full text: Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus →
Full text: free to read — OpenAlex lists this copy as free to read: the link above (checked 6 Feb 1020).
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