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38/100

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 38 out of 100. Risk factors

Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies

Diagnostic classifications, mean age, and education did not differ significantly across classifications. Risks for tobacco use, alcohol use, traumatic brain injury, cardiovascular risks, stroke or transient ischemic attack, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, hypothyroidism, sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety, cancer and chronic kidney disease were variably distributed across classifications. HRSA Rural and MUA/HPSA, as well as ADI National percentiles were associated with higher mean relative risk (∼1.2) and additive relative risk (2.3 to 3.6) profiles, whereas ADI State deciles and RUCC scores were not predictive of increased medical risks for cognitive impairment and dementia (RR<1.0). These data demonstrate that different classification systems designed to identify disadvantaged populations have different risk profiles for cognitive impairment and dementia. Understanding "rurality" and disadvantaged classification systems is complex but remains very important for research designed to identify high risk URG populations for cognitive decline & dementia.

Key findings

Diagnostic classifications, mean age, and education did not differ significantly across classifications.
Risks for tobacco use, alcohol use, traumatic brain injury, cardiovascular risks, stroke or transient ischemic attack, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, hypothyroidism, sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety, cancer and chronic kidney disease were variably distributed across classifications.
HRSA Rural and MUA/HPSA, as well as ADI National percentiles were associated with higher mean relative risk (∼1.2) and additive relative risk (2.3 to 3.6) profiles, whereas ADI State deciles and RUCC scores were not predictive of increased medical risks for cognitive impairment and dementia (RR<1.0).
These data demonstrate that different classification systems designed to identify disadvantaged populations have different risk profiles for cognitive impairment and dementia.
Understanding "rurality" and disadvantaged classification systems is complex but remains very important for research designed to identify high risk URG populations for cognitive decline & dementia.

Why it matters

This study found that different systems for classifying disadvantaged or rural areas in Kentucky showed different patterns of risk factors for cognitive impairment and dementia. It does not test any treatment, cure or prevention, but highlights that how we define disadvantage matters for research aimed at identifying high-risk groups.

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Study details

Study designcross-sectional
Evidence strengthModerate

How this study scored 38/100

Published in a peer-reviewed journal, and it is a snapshot of people at one point in time. Scored zero for sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it.

Component	Points	Why
Journal tier	7 / 10	Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Alzheimer s & Dementia)
Journal's citation record	2 / 4	Alzheimer s & Dementia: journal h-index 228 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29)
Study design	4 / 12	A snapshot of people at one point in time
Strength of evidence	3 / 5	Rated “moderate” in our summary
Peer-review validation	10 / 10	Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal.
How recent	4 / 5	2025 — within 3 year(s) of the newest study here
Sample size	0 / 4	Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Effect reported	0 / 3	No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Studied in people	0 / 3	Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Randomised / blinded	0 / 2	No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Times cited	0 / 7	Cited 0 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10)
Citations per year	0 / 5	0.0 citations a year over 3 year(s) since 2025
Impact for its field and year	0 / 6	Cited 0.0× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI)
Cited by studies here	0 / 6	No other study in this library cites it
Still being cited	0 / 4	Cited 0 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex)
Senior author's track record	3 / 4	Last-listed author Gregory A. Jicha: h-index 96 (OpenAlex, whole career)
Institution's track record	1 / 3	University of Kentucky: institution h-index 824 (OpenAlex)
Multi-centre collaboration	0 / 3	OpenAlex lists 1 institution(s) in 1 country — scores zero (affiliation lists can be incomplete)
Indexed in PubMed	2 / 2	Indexed in PubMed (PMID 41435227)
Free to read	2 / 2	Free to read
Total	38 / 100	—

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Read the original

Full text: free to read — OpenAlex lists this copy as free to read: the link above (checked 6 Feb 1020).

Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris

Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. The record's author list ends in “et al.”, so not every author is named. Check the citation against the original before you use it.

APA 7th

Bojarski, L., High, C. R., McLouth, C. J., Abner, E. L., Choate, R., Coskun, E. P., et al. (2025). Risk Factors for Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Differ Across Classification Codes Evaluating Disadvantaged and Rural Regions in a Kentucky Appalachian Cohort. Alzheimer s & Dementia. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz70860_106294

Vancouver

Bojarski L, High CR, McLouth CJ, Abner EL, Choate R, Coskun EP, et al. Risk Factors for Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Differ Across Classification Codes Evaluating Disadvantaged and Rural Regions in a Kentucky Appalachian Cohort. Alzheimer s & Dementia. 2025. doi:10.1002/alz70860_106294. PMID: 41435227.

BibTeX

@article{bojarski2025-41435227,
  author  = {Bojarski, Lauren and High, Cassity R. and McLouth, Christopher J. and Abner, Erin L. and Choate, Rada and Coskun, Elif Pinar and Rhodus, Elizabeth K. and Whitehurst, Lauren N. and others},
  title   = {{Risk Factors for Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Differ Across Classification Codes Evaluating Disadvantaged and Rural Regions in a Kentucky Appalachian Cohort}},
  journal = {Alzheimer s \& Dementia},
  year    = {2025},
  doi     = {10.1002/alz70860_106294},
  pmid    = {41435227},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1002/alz70860_106294}
}

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