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Retinal pathology as biomarker for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Ikram MK, Cheung CY, Wong TY, Chen CP.. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2012-06-25
Topic: Amyloid, tau and blood-test diagnosis
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Furthermore, over the last few decades, there has been a shift towards identifying earlier stages of AD, which include mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Improved methods of screening and early detection are essential to identify cognitively normal individuals who have a high risk of developing MCI and AD, so that interventions can be developed to delay the progression of specific disease-related pathologies. Thus far, novel biomarkers that have been examined include structural and functional neuroimaging as well as biochemical analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. However, in spite of these efforts, there is still an urgent need for unravelling additional novel biomarkers for AD and MCI. As the retina shares many features with the brain, including embryological origin, anatomical (such as microvascular bed) and physiological characteristics (such as blood-tissue barrier), it has been suggested that the retina may provide an easily accessible and non-invasive way of examining pathology in the brain. While most AD-related pathology occurs in the brain, the disease has also been reported to affect different regions of the retina, including the macular region and optic disc. Studies have suggested that retinal pathology, such as deposits in the macular region, decreased retinal nerve fibre thickness, and optic disc cupping and retinal microvascular abnormalities may be related to AD and cognitive impairment. This article presents a review of current literature on retinal involvement in AD and MCI.
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APA 7th
Ikram, M. K., Cheung, C. Y., Wong, T. Y., & Chen, C. P. (2012). Retinal pathology as biomarker for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2011-301628
Vancouver
Ikram MK, Cheung CY, Wong TY, Chen CP. Retinal pathology as biomarker for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 2012. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2011-301628. PMID: 22733082.
BibTeX
@article{ikram2012-22733082,
author = {Ikram, M. K. and Cheung, C. Y. and Wong, T. Y. and Chen, C. P.},
title = {{Retinal pathology as biomarker for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease}},
journal = {Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry},
year = {2012},
doi = {10.1136/jnnp-2011-301628},
pmid = {22733082},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2011-301628}
}
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Key findings
- As the retina shares many features with the brain, including embryological origin, anatomical (such as microvascular bed) and physiological characteristics (such as blood-tissue barrier), it has been suggested that the retina may provide an easily accessible and non-invasive way of examining pathology in the brain.
- Studies have suggested that retinal pathology, such as deposits in the macular region, decreased retinal nerve fibre thickness, and optic disc cupping and retinal microvascular abnormalities may be related to AD and cognitive impairment.
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Study details
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 36/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on journal's citation record, times cited, citations per year, impact for its field and year, cited by studies here, still being cited, senior author's track record, institution's track record and multi-centre collaboration, so those were left out: it earned 21 of the 58 points we could judge it on, which is 36 out of 100.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry) |
| Journal's citation record | — / 4 | No journal record from OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 1 / 5 | 2012 — within 20 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | — / 7 | No citation count (not found in OpenAlex) — left out of this score |
| Citations per year | — / 5 | No citation count or no year — left out of this score |
| Impact for its field and year | — / 6 | No field-weighted citation impact (OpenAlex has none yet) — left out of this score |
| Cited by studies here | — / 6 | Not yet checked against this library's citation graph — left out of this score |
| Still being cited | — / 4 | No yearly citation counts — left out of this score |
| Senior author's track record | — / 4 | Senior author's record not available — left out of this score |
| Institution's track record | — / 3 | No institution listed in OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Multi-centre collaboration | — / 3 | Institutions not listed — left out of this score |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 22733082) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Points | 21 / 58 | Scored on 11 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 21 of the 58 points we could judge it on is 36 out of 100. |
| Total | 36 / 100 | — |
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