Get help now — free helplines

You can call any of these for free. You do not need a diagnosis, an appointment, or a crisis to call — questions and plain exhaustion are reasons enough.

  • Alzheimer's Association 24/7 Helpline 800-272-3900 24 hours a day, 365 days a year Free, confidential support and information for people with dementia, caregivers, families and the public. Master's-level clinicians. Also Spanish.
  • 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline 988 24/7 Call or text 988, or chat at 988lifeline.org. For anyone in emotional distress or a mental-health crisis, including caregivers.
  • Alzheimer's Foundation of America (AFA) Helpline 866-232-8484 9:00 am - 9:00 pm ET, seven days a week Licensed social workers providing support, info and referrals. Also text message and web chat. Text: 646-586-5283

In a medical emergency, call 911. More numbers, and what each line does, on the help page.

Newest in this topic

  1. Gain-of-function Modulation of TREM2 and its Impact on Amyloid-β and Tau Pathologies in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Animal Studies 2026-06-02
  2. The TREM2 agonistic antibody AL002 in early Alzheimer's disease: a phase 2 randomized trial 2026-03-05
  3. Decoding TREM2 Signaling Pathways 2026-01-09

Studies

363 studies carry this tag.

Date range

2000 to 2026

Top journals

  • Molecular neurodegeneration 26
  • Neurobiology of aging 16
  • Neuron 10
  • The Journal of experimental medicine 10
  • Acta neuropathologica 9

147 journals in all.

Newest first, then by address. Each study has a usefulness score out of 100 (rubric version 4.0); tap a score to see what makes it up. Tags were assigned automatically from each study's title and summary. The same studies as a filter in the library.

  1. Gain-of-function Modulation of TREM2 and its Impact on Amyloid-β and Tau Pathologies in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Animal Studies

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Molecular neurobiology 2026-06-02 TREM2 and immune genetics

    A total of 12 studies were included, with overall moderate risk of bias, mainly due to inadequate randomization and blinding.

  2. The TREM2 agonistic antibody AL002 in early Alzheimer's disease: a phase 2 randomized trial

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 73 out of 100. Nature Medicine 2026-03-05 Laboratory science

    Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) regulates microglial function and is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis.

  3. Decoding TREM2 Signaling Pathways

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation 2026-01-09 Risk genes beyond APOE

    Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a key immunomodulatory receptor broadly expressed on myeloid cells such as macrophages and microglia.

  4. A Novel TREM2 Small Molecule Agonist MTX46943 Re‐Programs Human Microglia and Reduces Amyloid Pathology In Vivo

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 33 out of 100. Alzheimer s & Dementia 2025-12-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    MTX46943-mediated TREM2 activation leads to TREM2/DAP12 receptor complex formation and stabilizes surface location required for downstream signaling and microglia activation.

  5. CSF sTREM2 is associated with distinct microglial responses with separate effects on Alzheimer's pathology in the disease's trajectory

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 39 out of 100. Alzheimer s & Dementia 2025-12-01 Genetics

    There is significant evidence that microglia contribute to neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity in AD 1,2 , yet there is also evidence to the contrary.

  6. Peruvian Population Empowers Discovery of a TREM2 Missense Variant in Alzheimer Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 39 out of 100. Alzheimer s & Dementia 2025-12-01 Genetics

    Peruvian GWAS identified Amerindian ancestry specific exonic AD susceptibility variant p.H157Y. This variant has been previously reported as AD marker in Han Chinese populations with extreme effect size, but its rarity and contradictory findings in other groups suggest a potential ancestry‐specific effect.

  7. Ethanol induces neuroimmune dysregulation and soluble TREM2 generation in a human iPSC neuron, astrocyte, microglia triculture model

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 39 out of 100. Alcohol 2025-11-07 Inflammation and the immune system

    Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) affect substantial populations worldwide and increase the risk of developing cognitive impairments and alcohol-associated dementia.

  8. The gain-of-function TREM2-T96K mutation increases risk for Alzheimer's disease by impairing microglial function

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 44 out of 100. Neuron 2025-10-17 Laboratory science

    We previously reported that T96K is a gain-of-function mutation in TREM2 based on its ability to increase ligand-dependent activation.

  9. Systematic analysis of cellular cross-talk reveals a role for SEMA6D-TREM2 regulating microglial function in Alzheimer’s disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Science Translational Medicine 2025-07-30 Risk genes beyond APOE

    Cellular cross-talk, mediated by membrane receptors and their ligands, is crucial for brain homeostasis and can contribute to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

  10. Novel fully human high-affinity anti-TREM2 antibody shows efficacy in clinically relevant Alzheimer´s mouse model

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 38 out of 100. Alzheimer s Research & Therapy 2025-05-22 Risk genes beyond APOE

    M07-TFN showed higher binding affinities and stronger activation of hTREM2 signaling than all previously described anti-hTREM2 antibodies. p-Syk activation was increased 30-fold in hTREM2-overexpressing HEK293 cells and fourfold in human microglia cells compared to baseline.

  11. TREM2 and sTREM2 in Alzheimer's disease: from mechanisms to therapies

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 51 out of 100. Molecular neurodegeneration 2025-04-17 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an innate immune receptor predominantly expressed by microglia in the brain.

  12. Choroidal Neovascularization Is Suppressed With Activation of TREM2 in Mononuclear Phagocytes—Brief Report

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 44 out of 100. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2025-03-27 Risk genes beyond APOE

    We found that pharmacological activation of TREM2 suppressed laser-induced choroidal neovessel formation.

  13. TREM2 promotes lung fibrosis via controlling alveolar macrophage survival and pro-fibrotic activity

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 54 out of 100. Nature communications 2025-02-19 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Lung macrophages play a pivotal role in pulmonary fibrosis, with monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages driving disease progression.

  14. Neuraminidase 1 regulates neuropathogenesis by governing the cellular state of microglia via modulation of Trem2 sialylation

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 46 out of 100. Cell reports 2025-01-14 Tau biomarkers

    Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1) cleaves terminal sialic acids from sialoglycoproteins in endolysosomes and at the plasma membrane.

  15. Preclinical and first-in-human evaluation of AL002, a novel TREM2 agonistic antibody for Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 71 out of 100. Alzheimer's research & therapy 2024-10-23 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Variants of the gene triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders.

  16. Lipid-associated macrophages' promotion of fibrosis resolution during MASH regression requires TREM2

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 54 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2024-08-22 TREM2 and immune genetics

    While macrophage heterogeneity during metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) has been described, the fate of these macrophages during MASH regression is poorly understood.

  17. A systematic review of the role of TREM2 in Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Chinese medical journal 2024-06-24 TREM2 and immune genetics

    This review substantiates the evolving understanding of TREM2's disease progression-dependent impacts.

  18. TREM2 deficiency aggravates renal injury by promoting macrophage apoptosis and polarization via the JAK-STAT pathway in mice

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 47 out of 100. Cell death & disease 2024-06-07 TREM2 and immune genetics

    The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an immune receptor that affects cellular phenotypes by modulating phagocytosis and metabolism, promoting cell survival, and counteracting inflammation.

  19. Distinct roles of TREM2 in central nervous system cancers and peripheral cancers

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. Cancer cell 2024-05-23 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Glioblastomas (GBM) are incurable central nervous system (CNS) cancers characterized by substantial myeloid cell infiltration.

  20. Association of soluble TREM2 with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 57 out of 100. Frontiers in aging neuroscience 2024-05-22 TREM2 and immune genetics

    CSF sTREM2 levels are positively associated with an increased risk of AD and MCI.

  21. Microglia, Trem2, and Neurodegeneration

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 46 out of 100. The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry 2024-05-20 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Microglia are a specialized type of neuroimmune cells that undergo morphological and molecular changes through multiple signaling pathways in response to pathological protein aggregates, neuronal death, tissue injury, or infections.

  22. TREM2 deficiency reprograms intestinal macrophages and microbiota to enhance anti-PD-1 tumor immunotherapy

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. Science immunology 2024-05-17 TREM2 and immune genetics

    The gut microbiota and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) affect tumor responses to anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint blockade.

  23. Trem2 Agonist Reprograms Foamy Macrophages to Promote Atherosclerotic Plaque Stability-Brief Report

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 47 out of 100. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2024-05-02 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Trem2 (triggering receptor on myeloid cells 2), a surface lipid receptor, is expressed on foamy macrophages within atherosclerotic lesions and regulates cell survival, proliferation, and anti-inflammatory responses.

  24. Identification of senescent, TREM2-expressing microglia in aging and Alzheimer's disease model mouse brain

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 54 out of 100. Nature neuroscience 2024-04-18 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia in general are age-related diseases with multiple contributing factors, including brain inflammation.

  25. Hepatic danger signaling triggers TREM2+ macrophage induction and drives steatohepatitis via MS4A7-dependent inflammasome activation

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 47 out of 100. Science translational medicine 2024-03-13 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), formerly known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is an advanced stage of metabolic fatty liver disease.

  26. TREM2 protects from atherosclerosis by limiting necrotic core formation

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 49 out of 100. Nature cardiovascular research 2024-03-12 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the vascular wall driven by lipid accumulation and inflammation in the intimal layer of arteries, and its main complications, myocardial infarction and stroke, are the leading cause of mortality worldwide [1], [2].

  27. TREM2 promotes macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 and suppresses osteoarthritis through the NF-κB/CXCL3 axis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 49 out of 100. International journal of biological sciences 2024-03-11 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prominent chronic arthritic disease, affecting over 3 billion people globally.

  28. Microglia at sites of atrophy restrict the progression of retinal degeneration via galectin-3 and Trem2

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 51 out of 100. The Journal of experimental medicine 2024-01-30 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Outer retinal degenerations, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are characterized by photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy.

  29. TREM2 variants that cause early dementia and increase Alzheimer's disease risk affect gene splicing

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Brain 2024-01-16 Genetics

    This molecular genetics study found that several TREM2 gene variants previously thought to work only by altering the TREM2 protein itself, also disrupt how the TREM2 gene's RNA message is spliced together, sometimes producing dysfunctional protein versions.

  30. TREM2 macrophage promotes cardiac repair in myocardial infarction by reprogramming metabolism via SLC25A53

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 51 out of 100. Cell death and differentiation 2024-01-05 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Efferocytosis and metabolic reprogramming of macrophages play crucial roles in myocardial infarction (MI) repair.

  31. Proteo-genomics of soluble TREM2 in cerebrospinal fluid provides novel insights and identifies novel modulators for Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 59 out of 100. Molecular neurodegeneration 2024-01-03 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) plays a critical role in microglial activation, survival, and apoptosis, as well as in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis.

  32. Trem2 expression in microglia is required to maintain normal neuronal bioenergetics during development

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 54 out of 100. Immunity 2023-12-29 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) is a myeloid cell-specific gene expressed in brain microglia, with variants that are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease.

  33. Spatial and Temporal Mapping of Breast Cancer Lung Metastases Identify TREM2 Macrophages as Regulators of the Metastatic Boundary

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Cancer discovery 2023-12-01 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Cancer mortality primarily stems from metastatic recurrence, emphasizing the urgent need for developing effective metastasis-targeted immunotherapies.

  34. TREM2 regulates microglial lipid droplet formation and represses post-ischemic brain injury

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 49 out of 100. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 2023-12-01 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a transmembrane receptor protein predominantly expressed in microglia within the central nervous system (CNS).

  35. TREM2 Deficiency Aggravates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptosis in MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease Mice and LPS-Induced BV2 Cells

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Molecular neurobiology 2023-11-02 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD).

  36. Stimulation of TREM2 with agonistic antibodies-an emerging therapeutic option for Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 54 out of 100. The Lancet. Neurology 2023-11-01 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, are associated with microgliosis.

  37. Trem2 promotes foamy macrophage lipid uptake and survival in atherosclerosis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Nature cardiovascular research 2023-10-30 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Atherosclerosis is driven by the expansion of cholesterol-loaded 'foamy' macrophages in the arterial intima.

  38. Soluble TREM2 ameliorates tau phosphorylation and cognitive deficits through activating transgelin-2 in Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 52 out of 100. Nature communications 2023-10-21 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a transmembrane protein that is predominantly expressed by microglia in the brain.

  39. Microglia-synapse engulfment via PtdSer-TREM2 ameliorates neuronal hyperactivity in Alzheimer's disease models

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 55 out of 100. The EMBO journal 2023-08-14 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Neuronal hyperactivity is a key feature of early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  40. Target delivery of a PD-1-TREM2 scFv by CAR-T cells enhances anti-tumor efficacy in colorectal cancer

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. Molecular cancer 2023-08-10 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) -T cell therapy is an efficient therapeutic strategy for specific hematologic malignancies.

  41. A cell therapy approach to restore microglial Trem2 function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 51 out of 100. Cell stem cell 2023-08-01 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains one of the grand challenges facing human society.

  42. TREM2: Potential therapeutic targeting of microglia for Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 46 out of 100. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 2023-07-28 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, resulting in the loss of cognitive ability and memory.

  43. TREM2 receptor protects against complement-mediated synaptic loss by binding to complement C1q during neurodegeneration

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 51 out of 100. Immunity 2023-07-12 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is strongly linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, but its functions are not fully understood.

  44. TREM2 inhibition triggers antitumor cell activity of myeloid cells in glioblastoma

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 51 out of 100. Science advances 2023-05-12 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) plays important roles in brain microglial function in neurodegenerative diseases, but the role of TREM2 in the GBM TME has not been examined.

  45. TREM2 promotes cholesterol uptake and foam cell formation in atherosclerosis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 2023-05-03 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Disordered lipid accumulation in the arterial wall is a hallmark of atherosclerosis.

  46. Defects in lysosomal function and lipid metabolism in human microglia harboring a TREM2 loss of function mutation

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 53 out of 100. Acta neuropathologica 2023-04-28 TREM2 and immune genetics

    TREM2 is an innate immune receptor expressed by microglia in the adult brain.

  47. Sleep deprivation exacerbates microglial reactivity and Aβ deposition in a TREM2-dependent manner in mice

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 51 out of 100. Science translational medicine 2023-04-26 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Sleep loss is associated with cognitive decline in the aging population and is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  48. TREM2 macrophages drive NK cell paucity and dysfunction in lung cancer

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 55 out of 100. Nature immunology 2023-04-20 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Natural killer (NK) cells are commonly reduced in human tumors, enabling many to evade surveillance.

  49. TREM2 Insufficiency Protects against Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting M2 Macrophage Polarization

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 43 out of 100. International immunopharmacology 2023-03-30 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lung disease with high mortality, limited treatment options and an unknown aetiology.

  50. TREM2: A new player in the tumor microenvironment

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Seminars in immunology 2023-03-28 TREM2 and immune genetics

    TREM2 is a myeloid cell receptor that has been extensively described in the context of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.

From across this tag

7 of the 363 studies in this tag, picked by a fixed rule (a hash of each study's address), not by score or date; each page of this list shows a different 7. The same 7 appear here every time.

All topic tags with their study counts