Get help now — free helplines

You can call any of these for free. You do not need a diagnosis, an appointment, or a crisis to call — questions and plain exhaustion are reasons enough.

  • Alzheimer's Association 24/7 Helpline 800-272-3900 24 hours a day, 365 days a year Free, confidential support and information for people with dementia, caregivers, families and the public. Master's-level clinicians. Also Spanish.
  • 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline 988 24/7 Call or text 988, or chat at 988lifeline.org. For anyone in emotional distress or a mental-health crisis, including caregivers.
  • Alzheimer's Foundation of America (AFA) Helpline 866-232-8484 9:00 am - 9:00 pm ET, seven days a week Licensed social workers providing support, info and referrals. Also text message and web chat. Text: 646-586-5283

In a medical emergency, call 911. More numbers, and what each line does, on the help page.

Newest in this topic

  1. ApoE4 and Psychosis in Neurodegenerative and Non-Neurodegenerative Disease: A Scoping Review 2026-10-27
  2. Multimodal mediators connecting APOE4 to dementia 2026-10-21
  3. Reproductive Aging, FSH, and Apolipoprotein Biology in Alzheimer’s Disease 2026-10-19

Studies

1,613 studies carry this tag.

Date range

1982 to 2026

Top journals

  • Neurology 93
  • The Journal of biological chemistry 68
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 52
  • Archives of neurology 43
  • Neurobiology of aging 38

457 journals in all.

Newest first, then by address. Each study has a usefulness score out of 100 (rubric version 4.0); tap a score to see what makes it up. Tags were assigned automatically from each study's title and summary. The same studies as a filter in the library.

  1. Association of African Ancestry-Specific APOE Missense Variant R145C With Risk of Alzheimer Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 73 out of 100. JAMA 2023-02-21 Genetics

    In this exploratory analysis, the APOE ε3[R145C] missense variant was associated with an increased risk of AD among individuals of African ancestry with the ε3/ε4 genotype.

  2. Apolipoprotein E4 has extensive conformational heterogeneity in lipid-free and lipid-bound forms

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2023-02-07 Genetics

    The ε4-allele variant of apolipoprotein E (ApoE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, although it only differs from its neutral counterpart ApoE3 by a single amino acid substitution.

  3. ADAMTS4 is involved in the production of the Alzheimer disease amyloid biomarker APP669-711

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 43 out of 100. Molecular psychiatry 2023-02-01 Biomarkers

    Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the brain parenchyma is one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease (AD).

  4. Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is the most recognized genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), whereas ApoE2 reduces the risk for LOAD.

  5. Human early-onset dementia caused by DAP12 deficiency reveals a unique signature of dysregulated microglia

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Nature immunology 2023-01-19 TREM2 and immune genetics

    The TREM2-DAP12 receptor complex sustains microglia functions.

  6. APOE2 Exacerbates TDP-43 Related Toxicity in the Absence of Alzheimer Pathology

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Annals of neurology 2023-01-10 Genetics

    We found that TDP-43 overexpression induced motor function deficits, neuronal loss, and gliosis in the motor cortex, especially in APOE2 mice, with much milder or absent effects in APOE3, APOE4, or Apoe-KO mice.

  7. Diabetes and hypertension are related to amyloid-beta burden in the population-based Rotterdam Study

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 57 out of 100. Brain : a journal of neurology 2023-01-01 Long-term cohort studies

    Higher vascular disease burden increases the likelihood of developing dementia, including Alzheimer's disease.

  8. Admixture mapping identifies novel Alzheimer's disease risk regions in African Americans

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 59 out of 100. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2022-12-20 Genetics

    Our ancestry-aware regression approach showed that AA individuals have a lower risk of AD if they inherited African ancestry admixture block at the 17p13.2 locus.

  9. INPP5D deficiency attenuates amyloid pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2022-12-16 TREM2 and immune genetics

    A non-coding variant (rs35349669) in INPP5D increases the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and elevated INPP5D expression is associated with increased plaque deposition.

  10. Therapeutic anti-amyloid β antibodies cause neuronal disturbances

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2022-12-14 Drug development

    Recent published clinical trial safety data showed that 41% of Alzheimer patients experienced amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA), marks of microhemorrhages and edema in the brain, following administration of Biogen's Aduhelm/aducanumab (amino acids 3-7 of the Aβ peptide).

  11. Association of MRI Indices of Glymphatic System With Amyloid Deposition and Cognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 64 out of 100. Neurology 2022-12-12 Genetics

    Our study indicates that changes in PVS-related MRI parameters occur in MCI and AD, possibly due to impairment of the glymphatic system.

  12. From degenerative disease to malignant tumors: Insight to the function of ApoE

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 2022-12-12 Genetics

    Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a multifunctional protein involved in lipid transport and lipoprotein metabolism, mediating lipid distribution/redistribution in tissues and cells.

  13. Dietary fish oil increases catalase activity in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Nutricion hospitalaria 2022-12-01 Treatments

    carbonyl groups in proteins and hydroperoxides in plasma have similar values in both treatment groups at the beginning of the study.

  14. The metal ion hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease and the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of metal chelators

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Bioorganic chemistry 2022-11-25 Inflammation and the immune system

    Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by the β-amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation, is the most common dementia with uncertain etiology.

  15. Exome sequencing identifies rare damaging variants in ATP8B4 and ABCA1 as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 68 out of 100. Nature genetics 2022-11-21 Caregiving

    Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, has an estimated heritability of approximately 70% 1 .

  16. APOE4 impairs myelination via cholesterol dysregulation in oligodendrocytes

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Nature 2022-11-16 Genetics

    APOE4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease 1-3 .

  17. Association of Klotho Protein Levels and KL-VS Heterozygosity With Alzheimer Disease and Amyloid and Tau Burden

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 58 out of 100. JAMA network open 2022-11-01 Tau biomarkers

    Heterozygosity of the KL-VS haplotype has been associated with reduced amyloid and tau burden.

  18. The Link between Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease: Therapeutic Implications and Future Perspectives

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 2022-10-31 Caregiving

    Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, has increasing incidence, increasing mortality rates, and poses a huge burden on healthcare.

  19. APOE4 derived from astrocytes leads to blood-brain barrier impairment

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 61 out of 100. Brain : a journal of neurology 2022-10-21 Genetics

    Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a multifaceted secreted molecule synthesized in the CNS by astrocytes and microglia, and in the periphery largely by the liver.

  20. Caspase-1 inhibition improves cognition without significantly altering amyloid and inflammation in aged Alzheimer disease mice

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 42 out of 100. Cell death & disease 2022-10-11 Biomarkers

    Human genetic and animal model studies indicate that brain microglial inflammation is a primary driver of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer Disease (AD).

  21. Autosomal dominant and sporadic late onset Alzheimer's disease share a common in vivo pathophysiology

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 56 out of 100. Brain : a journal of neurology 2022-10-01 Biomarkers

    The extent to which the pathophysiology of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease corresponds to the pathophysiology of 'sporadic' late onset Alzheimer's disease is unknown, thus limiting the extrapolation of study findings and clinical trial results in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease to late onset Alzheimer's disease.

  22. Multiple gene variants linked to Alzheimer's-type clinical dementia via GWAS are also associated with non-Alzheimer's neuropathologic entities

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 56 out of 100. Neurobiology of disease 2022-09-30 Long-term cohort studies

    The classic pathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (AD neuropathologic changes, or ADNC).

  23. APOE in the bullseye of neurodegenerative diseases: impact of the APOE genotype in Alzheimer's disease pathology and brain diseases

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Molecular neurodegeneration 2022-09-24 Genetics

    ApoE is the major lipid and cholesterol carrier in the CNS.

  24. DNA methylation signatures of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology in the cortex are primarily driven by variation in non-neuronal cell-types

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 57 out of 100. Nature communications 2022-09-24 Inflammation and the immune system

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive accumulation of amyloid-beta and neurofibrillary tangles of tau in the neocortex.

  25. Common human genetic variants of APOE impact murine COVID-19 mortality

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 46 out of 100. Nature 2022-09-21 Genetics

    Clinical outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are highly heterogeneous, ranging from asymptomatic infection to lethal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

  26. Role of Microglia and Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease: From Neuroinflammation to Ca2+ Homeostasis Dysregulation

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 47 out of 100. Cells 2022-09-01 Inflammation and the immune system

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide, with a complex, poorly understood pathogenesis.

  27. Apolipoprotein E in Cardiometabolic and Neurological Health and Diseases

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. International journal of molecular sciences 2022-08-31 Genetics

    A preponderance of evidence obtained from genetically modified mice and human population studies reveals the association of apolipoprotein E (apoE) deficiency and polymorphisms with pathogenesis of numerous chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis, obesity/diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease.

  28. The apolipoprotein E (APOE)ε4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD and is associated with aberrant cerebrospinal fluid levels (CSF) of total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and amyloid-β (Aβ).

  29. Association of Microglial Activation With Spontaneous ARIA-E and CSF Levels of Anti-Aβ Autoantibodies

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 60 out of 100. Neurology 2022-08-08 Brain scans and imaging

    ARIA-E can also occur spontaneously in cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation (CAA-ri), a rare autoimmune encephalopathy associated with increased CSF levels of anti-Aβ autoantibodies.

  30. APOE interacts with ACE2 inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry and inflammation in COVID-19 patients

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. Signal transduction and targeted therapy 2022-08-01 Genetics

    Apolipoprotein E (APOE) plays a pivotal role in lipid including cholesterol metabolism.

  31. Association of APOE Genotypes and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 63 out of 100. JAMA neurology 2022-08-01 Disparities

    Limited evidence suggests that the APOEε4 allele may confer risk for CTE, but previous studies were small with limited scope.

  32. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy interacts with neuritic amyloid plaques to promote tau and cognitive decline

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 67 out of 100. Brain : a journal of neurology 2022-08-01 Disparities

    Accumulating data suggest that cerebrovascular disease contributes to Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology and progression toward dementia.

  33. Association of Rare APOE Missense Variants V236E and R251G With Risk of Alzheimer Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 67 out of 100. JAMA neurology 2022-07-01 Genetics

    In this genetic association study, a novel variant associated with AD was identified: R251G always coinherited with ε4 on the APOE gene, which mitigates the ε4-associated AD risk.

  34. A multi-hit hypothesis for an APOE4-dependent pathophysiological state

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. The European journal of neuroscience 2022-06-06 Genetics

    The APOE gene encoding the Apolipoprotein E protein is the single most significant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease.

  35. Absence of microglia promotes diverse pathologies and early lethality in Alzheimer's disease mice

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 53 out of 100. Cell reports 2022-06-01 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Microglia are strongly implicated in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet their impact on pathology and lifespan remains unclear.

  36. Cholesterol and matrisome pathways dysregulated in astrocytes and microglia

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Cell 2022-06-01 Genetics

    The impact of apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4), the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), on human brain cellular function remains unclear.

  37. Leveraging large multi-center cohorts of Alzheimer disease endophenotypes to understand the role of Klotho heterozygosity on disease risk

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 56 out of 100. PloS one 2022-05-26 Tau biomarkers

    Two genetic variants in strong linkage disequilibrium (rs9536314 and rs9527025) in the Klotho (KL) gene, encoding a transmembrane protein, implicated in longevity and associated with brain resilience during normal aging, were recently shown to be associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) risk in cognitively normal participants who are APOE ε4 carriers.

  38. Molecular recognition of the interaction between ApoE and the TREM2 protein

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Translational neuroscience 2022-04-29 Genetics

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia.

  39. Aducanumab-Related Amyloid-Related Imaging Abnormalities: Paean or Lament?

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 35 out of 100. Clinical nuclear medicine 2022-04-22 Drug development

    We believe that the amyloid-PET scans, perceived as showing decreasing amyloid deposits, are an expression of increased cerebral cell death due to aducanumab treatment, so that with time one should instead expect a worsening and not an improvement in the treated patients' condition.

  40. Brain integrity is altered by hepatic APOE ε4 in humanized-liver mice

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Molecular psychiatry 2022-04-13 Genetics

    Liver-generated plasma apolipoprotein E (apoE) does not enter the brain but nonetheless correlates with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk and AD biomarker levels.

  41. Are apolipoprotein E fragments a promising new therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease?

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Therapeutic advances in chronic disease 2022-03-17 Genetics

    Human apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a 299-amino acid secreted glycoprotein that binds cholesterol and phospholipids.

  42. ApoE Cascade Hypothesis in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 58 out of 100. Neuron 2022-03-16 Risk factors

    The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE4) is a strong genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and several other neurodegenerative conditions, including Lewy body dementia (LBD).

  43. Co-expression patterns of microglia markers Iba1, TMEM119 and P2RY12 in Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 46 out of 100. Neurobiology of disease 2022-03-02 Inflammation and the immune system

    Microglia have been identified as key players in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, and other neurodegenerative diseases.

  44. Selective reduction of astrocyte apoE3 and apoE4 strongly reduces Aβ accumulation and plaque-related pathology in a mouse model of amyloidosis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 52 out of 100. Molecular neurodegeneration 2022-02-02 Biomarkers

    This study reveals an important role of astrocytic apoE3 and apoE4 on the deposition and accumulation of Aβ plaques as well as on certain Aβ-associated downstream effects.

  45. Association of APOE ɛ4 and Plasma p-tau181 with Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease and Longitudinal Change in Hippocampus Function

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 55 out of 100. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2022-02-01 Biomarkers

    Increased p-tau181 was observed for both ɛ4 carriers and non-carriers close to AD onset, but exclusively for ɛ4 carriers in the early preclinical groups (7- and 13-years pre-AD).

  46. Human apolipoprotein E isoforms are differentially sialylated and the sialic acid moiety in ApoE2 attenuates ApoE2-Aβ interaction and Aβ fibrillation

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Neurobiology of disease 2022-01-15 Genetics

    The APOE genotype is the most prominent genetic risk factor for the development of late-onset Alzheimer''s disease (LOAD); however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

  47. Association of β-Amyloid Accumulation With Executive Function in Adults With Unimpaired Cognition

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 60 out of 100. Neurology 2022-01-12 Tau biomarkers

    The neuropathologic changes underlying Alzheimer disease (AD) start before overt cognitive symptoms arise, but it is not well-known how they relate to the first subtle cognitive changes.

  48. Isoform-Dependent Effects of Apolipoprotein E on Sphingolipid Metabolism in Neural Cells

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 2022 Genetics

    In the brains of Apoeshl mice, the levels of apoM were lower, while those of ceramides were higher.

  49. Long-term Benefits and Harms Associated With Genetic Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Deficiency in the General Population

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 55 out of 100. JAMA cardiology 2022-01-01 Treatments

    Of 102 607 individuals in the study, 56 559 (55%) were women (median age, 58 years [IQR, 47-67 years]).

  50. The protective gene dose effect of the APOE ε2 allele on gray matter volume in cognitively unimpaired individuals

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 54 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2021-12-08 Risk factors

    Carrying at least one ε2 allele was associated with larger GM volumes in brain areas typically affected by AD and also in areas associated with cognitive resilience.

From across this tag

10 of the 1,611 studies in this tag, picked by a fixed rule (a hash of each study's address), not by score or date; each page of this list shows a different 10. The same 10 appear here every time.

All topic tags with their study counts