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Visual hallucinations associated with Parkinson disease
Sanchez-Ramos JR, Ortoll R, Paulson GW.. Archives of neurology, 1996-12-01
Topic: Brain imaging, connectivity and assessment
Objective To determine factors that are predictive for the development of hallucinations associated with Parkinson disease (PD). Background Hallucinations are a common difficulty for patients with established PD, and hallucinations and psychosis may be the most common causes for nursing home placement. The characteristics of the hallucinations associated with PD differ from the hallucinations associated with schizophrenia or cocaine abuse. Multiple factors have been suggested as causal. Design and methods A total of 214 consecutive patients were interviewed during routine visits to the Parkinson's Disease Clinics in Columbus, Ohio, and Miami, Fla, using a hallucination questionnaire, Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination, and an attempt to correlate age, duration of disease, medication, and psychological or sleep disorders with the hallucinations. Results Hallucinations were almost exclusively visual and were present in 55 of the 214 patients. Dementia, age, duration of disease, history of depression, or history of sleep disorder were strongly associated with the hallucinations. Conclusions While reduction in levodopa and anticholinergic medication doses is appropriate in the management of hallucinations, the factors that predispose patients to hallucinations include dementia and advancing age. The phenomena of visual hallucinations associated with PD, while not fully explained, are unique enough to be of interest to all neurologists and neuroscientists.
Key findings
- Objective To determine factors that are predictive for the development of hallucinations associated with Parkinson disease (PD).
- The characteristics of the hallucinations associated with PD differ from the hallucinations associated with schizophrenia or cocaine abuse.
- Results Hallucinations were almost exclusively visual and were present in 55 of the 214 patients.
- Dementia, age, duration of disease, history of depression, or history of sleep disorder were strongly associated with the hallucinations.
- The phenomena of visual hallucinations associated with PD, while not fully explained, are unique enough to be of interest to all neurologists and neuroscientists.
Study details
- Participants214
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 45/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, effect reported and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on journal's citation record, times cited, citations per year, impact for its field and year, cited by studies here, still being cited, senior author's track record, institution's track record and multi-centre collaboration, so those were left out: it earned 26 of the 58 points we could judge it on, which is 45 out of 100.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Archives of neurology) |
| Journal's citation record | — / 4 | No journal record from OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 1 / 5 | 1996 — older than 20 years, still counted |
| Sample size | 2 / 4 | 214 participants |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 3 / 3 | Studied in people (participant count stated) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | — / 7 | No citation count (not found in OpenAlex) — left out of this score |
| Citations per year | — / 5 | No citation count or no year — left out of this score |
| Impact for its field and year | — / 6 | No field-weighted citation impact (OpenAlex has none yet) — left out of this score |
| Cited by studies here | — / 6 | Not yet checked against this library's citation graph — left out of this score |
| Still being cited | — / 4 | No yearly citation counts — left out of this score |
| Senior author's track record | — / 4 | Senior author's record not available — left out of this score |
| Institution's track record | — / 3 | No institution listed in OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Multi-centre collaboration | — / 3 | Institutions not listed — left out of this score |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 8970453) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Points | 26 / 58 | Scored on 11 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 26 of the 58 points we could judge it on is 45 out of 100. |
| Total | 45 / 100 | — |
What each of these 20 components measures, and what this score is not →
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Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris
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APA 7th
Sanchez-Ramos, JR., Ortoll, R., & Paulson, G. W. (1996). Visual hallucinations associated with Parkinson disease. Archives of neurology. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1996.00550120077019
Vancouver
Sanchez-Ramos JR, Ortoll R, Paulson GW. Visual hallucinations associated with Parkinson disease. Archives of neurology. 1996. doi:10.1001/archneur.1996.00550120077019. PMID: 8970453.
BibTeX
@article{sanchezramos1996-8970453,
author = {Sanchez-Ramos, JR. and Ortoll, R. and Paulson, G. W.},
title = {{Visual hallucinations associated with Parkinson disease}},
journal = {Archives of neurology},
year = {1996},
doi = {10.1001/archneur.1996.00550120077019},
pmid = {8970453},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1996.00550120077019}
}
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