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Sex differences for clinical presentations and co-pathologies in four-repeat tauopathies
Ece Bayram, Danelle J. Carter, Sana Aslam, Emily K. Forbes, Samantha K. Holden. Biology of Sex Differences, 2026-04-03
Topic: Brain proteins, microglia and lab models
Most common clinical diagnosis was PSP (41%) for PSP; unspecified FTD (36%) for CBD; AD for AGD (57%) and Other-4R groups (48%), without sex differences. Females had less cognitive decline, apathy, motor symptoms; were older at cognitive, behavioral change onset. Males were more likely to demonstrate LBD co-pathology and clinical profile. Both females and males have low clinical diagnostic accuracy for 4R-tauopathies. Females with 4R-tauopathies may experience less severe clinical presentations and less co-pathology.
Key findings
- Most common clinical diagnosis was PSP (41%) for PSP; unspecified FTD (36%) for CBD; AD for AGD (57%) and Other-4R groups (48%), without sex differences.
- Females had less cognitive decline, apathy, motor symptoms; were older at cognitive, behavioral change onset.
- Males were more likely to demonstrate LBD co-pathology and clinical profile.
- Both females and males have low clinical diagnostic accuracy for 4R-tauopathies.
- Females with 4R-tauopathies may experience less severe clinical presentations and less co-pathology.
Why it matters
In four-repeat tauopathies, females had less cognitive decline, apathy, and motor symptoms and were older at symptom onset, while males were more likely to show Lewy body co-pathology. Both sexes had low clinical diagnostic accuracy for these tauopathies.
Study details
- Participants175
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 42/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, effect reported and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Biology of Sex Differences) |
| Journal's citation record | 1 / 4 | Biology of Sex Differences: journal h-index 92 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 5 / 5 | 2026 — within 1 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 2 / 4 | 175 participants |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 3 / 3 | Studied in people (participant count stated) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | 1 / 7 | Cited 4 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 1 / 5 | 2.0 citations a year over 2 year(s) since 2026 |
| Impact for its field and year | 4 / 6 | Cited 19.0× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 0 / 6 | No other study in this library cites it |
| Still being cited | 1 / 4 | Cited 4 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | 1 / 4 | Last-listed author Samantha K. Holden: h-index 17 (OpenAlex, whole career) |
| Institution's track record | 1 / 3 | University of Colorado Anschutz: institution h-index 768 (OpenAlex) |
| Multi-centre collaboration | 0 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 1 institution(s) in 1 country — scores zero (affiliation lists can be incomplete) |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 41933395) |
| Free to read | 2 / 2 | Free to read |
| Total | 42 / 100 | — |
What each of these 20 components measures, and what this score is not →
Read the original
- DOI: 10.1186/s13293-026-00899-5
- PubMed: 41933395
- Original source →
- Free full text: Biology of Sex Differences →
Full text: free to read — OpenAlex lists this copy as free to read: the link above (checked 6 Feb 1020).
Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris
Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. Check the citation against the original before you use it.
APA 7th
Bayram, E., Carter, D. J., Aslam, S., Forbes, E. K., & Holden, S. K. (2026). Sex differences for clinical presentations and co-pathologies in four-repeat tauopathies. Biology of Sex Differences. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-026-00899-5
Vancouver
Bayram E, Carter DJ, Aslam S, Forbes EK, Holden SK. Sex differences for clinical presentations and co-pathologies in four-repeat tauopathies. Biology of Sex Differences. 2026. doi:10.1186/s13293-026-00899-5. PMID: 41933395.
BibTeX
@article{bayram2026-41933395,
author = {Bayram, Ece and Carter, Danelle J. and Aslam, Sana and Forbes, Emily K. and Holden, Samantha K.},
title = {{Sex differences for clinical presentations and co-pathologies in four-repeat tauopathies}},
journal = {Biology of Sex Differences},
year = {2026},
doi = {10.1186/s13293-026-00899-5},
pmid = {41933395},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-026-00899-5}
}
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