Home › Research › Disparities
Measuring Mindfulness: Differences in the 15-Item Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Black and White Dementia Caregivers
M. Lindsey Jacobs, Kate Smith, Daniel W. Durkin, Phoebe R. B. Hulse, Andrea Lynn Snow, Kimberly E. Alexander, Michelle M. Hilgeman. Clinical Gerontologist, 2025-11-17
Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies
Results indicated (a) FFMQ-15 scores demonstrated fair internal consistency overall but poor reliability among Black caregivers, (b) removing two negatively correlated items improved internal consistency for Black caregivers, and (c) mindfulness was negatively correlated with depression, anxiety, and caregiver burden. Findings indicate some items on the FFMQ-15 may perform differently in Black compared to White caregivers of PWD. Results interpreted with caution; additional research is needed to determine cultural or contextual influence of possible measurement inequivalence. The FFMQ-15 may reflect different experiences of mindfulness among Black caregivers of PWD. Culturally responsive assessment is needed; Sociocultural factors and caregiving environment should be considered.
Key findings
- Results indicated (a) FFMQ-15 scores demonstrated fair internal consistency overall but poor reliability among Black caregivers, (b) removing two negatively correlated items improved internal consistency for Black caregivers, and (c) mindfulness was negatively correlated with depression, anxiety, and caregiver burden.
- Findings indicate some items on the FFMQ-15 may perform differently in Black compared to White caregivers of PWD.
- Results interpreted with caution; additional research is needed to determine cultural or contextual influence of possible measurement inequivalence.
- The FFMQ-15 may reflect different experiences of mindfulness among Black caregivers of PWD.
- Culturally responsive assessment is needed; Sociocultural factors and caregiving environment should be considered.
Why it matters
This study found that some items on a mindfulness questionnaire may perform differently in Black compared to White dementia caregivers. It addresses caregiver assessment, not treating, curing, or preventing Alzheimer's disease.
New to this subject? Start with our plain-English guide: Disparities →
Study details
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 30/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Clinical Gerontologist) |
| Journal's citation record | 0 / 4 | Clinical Gerontologist: journal h-index 66 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 4 / 5 | 2025 — within 3 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | 1 / 7 | Cited 1 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 0 / 5 | 0.3 citations a year over 3 year(s) since 2025 |
| Impact for its field and year | 2 / 6 | Cited 1.2× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 0 / 6 | No other study in this library cites it |
| Still being cited | 0 / 4 | Cited 1 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | 1 / 4 | Last-listed author Michelle M. Hilgeman: h-index 16 (OpenAlex, whole career) |
| Institution's track record | 0 / 3 | University of Alabama: institution h-index 682 (OpenAlex) |
| Multi-centre collaboration | 2 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 4 institution(s) in 1 country |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 41247805) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Total | 30 / 100 | — |
What each of these 20 components measures, and what this score is not →
Read the original
May need a subscription OpenAlex found no free copy of the full text (checked 6 Feb 1020), so the publisher may charge for it. The PubMed abstract is free.
Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris
Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. The record names 7 authors; APA and Vancouver show the first six, BibTeX and the downloads carry all of them. Check the citation against the original before you use it.
APA 7th
Jacobs, M. L., Smith, K., Durkin, D. W., Hulse, P. R. B., Snow, A. L., Alexander, K. E., et al. (2025). Measuring Mindfulness: Differences in the 15-Item Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Black and White Dementia Caregivers. Clinical Gerontologist. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2025.2572803
Vancouver
Jacobs ML, Smith K, Durkin DW, Hulse PRB, Snow AL, Alexander KE, et al. Measuring Mindfulness: Differences in the 15-Item Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Black and White Dementia Caregivers. Clinical Gerontologist. 2025. doi:10.1080/07317115.2025.2572803. PMID: 41247805.
BibTeX
@article{jacobs2025-41247805,
author = {Jacobs, M. Lindsey and Smith, Kate and Durkin, Daniel W. and Hulse, Phoebe R. B. and Snow, Andrea Lynn and Alexander, Kimberly E. and Hilgeman, Michelle M.},
title = {{Measuring Mindfulness: Differences in the 15-Item Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Black and White Dementia Caregivers}},
journal = {Clinical Gerontologist},
year = {2025},
doi = {10.1080/07317115.2025.2572803},
pmid = {41247805},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2025.2572803}
}
Studies this one cites
Referenced by this study and also in the alzhub library, so you can read them here.
Related studies in Disparities
Also tagged “prevalence”
1,224 studies in the library carry the topic tag “prevalence”; these are this study's neighbours in a fixed, alphabetical-by-hash tour of them, not the closest in content. All 1,224 tagged studies.