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Late-life depression, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia
Richard E, Reitz C, Honig LH, Schupf N, Tang MX, Manly JJ, Mayeux R, Devanand D et al.. JAMA neurology, 2013-03-01
Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies
Objective To evaluate the association of late-life depression with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in a multiethnic community cohort. Design and setting A cohort study was conducted in Northern Manhattan, New York, New York. Participants A total of 2160 community-dwelling Medicare recipients aged 65 years or older were included in the study. Methods Depression was assessed using the 10-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D) and defined by a CES-D score of 4 or more. We used logistic regression for cross-sectional association analyses and proportional hazards regression for longitudinal analyses. Main outcome measures Mild cognitive impairment dementia, and progression from MCI to dementia were the main outcome measures. We also used subcategories of MCI (amnestic and nonamnestic), and dementia (probable Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia, including possible Alzheimer disease with stroke). Results Baseline depression was associated with prevalent MCI (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9) and dementia (2.2; 1.6-3.1). Baseline depression was associated with an increased risk of incident dementia (hazard ratio [HR], 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.3) but not with incident MCI (0.9; 0.7-1.2). Persons with MCI and coexisting depression at baseline had a higher risk of progression to dementia (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.4), especially vascular dementia (4.3; 1.1-17.0), but not Alzheimer disease (1.9; 1.0-3.6). Conclusion The association of depression with prevalent MCI and with progression from MCI to dementia, but not with incident MCI, suggests that depression accompanies cognitive impairment but does not precede it.
Key findings
- Results Baseline depression was associated with prevalent MCI (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9) and dementia (2.2; 1.6-3.1).
- Baseline depression was associated with an increased risk of incident dementia (hazard ratio [HR], 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.3) but not with incident MCI (0.9; 0.7-1.2).
- Persons with MCI and coexisting depression at baseline had a higher risk of progression to dementia (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.4), especially vascular dementia (4.3; 1.1-17.0), but not Alzheimer disease (1.9; 1.0-3.6).
- Conclusion The association of depression with prevalent MCI and with progression from MCI to dementia, but not with incident MCI, suggests that depression accompanies cognitive impairment but does not precede it.
Why it matters
In a multiethnic community cohort, baseline depression was associated with a higher risk of incident dementia but not incident mild cognitive impairment, and people with both mild cognitive impairment and depression had a higher risk of progressing to dementia, especially vascular dementia but not Alzheimer's disease. This identifies depression as a risk marker, but it does not show that treating depression prevents or cures Alzheimer's disease.
Study details
- Study designcohort study
- Participants2,160
- Evidence strengthModerate
How this study scored 70/100
Published in a leading specialty journal, and it is a randomised controlled trial. Scored zero for effect reported because the record does not state it.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 9 / 10 | Tier 2 — leading specialty journal (JAMA neurology) |
| Journal's citation record | 2 / 4 | JAMA Neurology: journal h-index 235 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 11 / 12 | A randomised controlled trial (from PubMed type “Randomized Controlled Trial”) |
| Strength of evidence | 3 / 5 | Rated “moderate” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 1 / 5 | 2013 — within 20 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 3 / 4 | 2,160 participants |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 3 / 3 | Studied in people (participant count stated) |
| Randomised / blinded | 1 / 2 | Randomised (as stated in the record) |
| Times cited | 6 / 7 | Cited 389 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 4 / 5 | 25.9 citations a year over 15 year(s) since 2013 |
| Impact for its field and year | 4 / 6 | Cited 16.0× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 3 / 6 | Cited by 17 other studies in this library |
| Still being cited | 3 / 4 | Cited 59 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | 3 / 4 | Last-listed author Jose Alejandro Luchsinger: h-index 78 (OpenAlex, whole career) |
| Institution's track record | 1 / 3 | University of Amsterdam: institution h-index 1,209 (OpenAlex) |
| Multi-centre collaboration | 1 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 2 institution(s) in 1 country |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 23599941) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Total | 70 / 100 | — |
What each of these 20 components measures, and what this score is not →
Read the original
- DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.603
- PubMed: 23599941
- Original source →
- Free full text: PubMed Central →
Full text: free to read — OpenAlex lists this copy as free to read: the link above (checked 6 Feb 1020).
Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris
Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. The record's author list ends in “et al.”, so not every author is named. Check the citation against the original before you use it.
APA 7th
Richard, E., Reitz, C., Honig, L. H., Schupf, N., Tang, M. X., Manly, J. J., et al. (2013). Late-life depression, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. JAMA neurology. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.603
Vancouver
Richard E, Reitz C, Honig LH, Schupf N, Tang MX, Manly JJ, et al. Late-life depression, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. JAMA neurology. 2013. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.603. PMID: 23599941.
BibTeX
@article{richard2013-23599941,
author = {Richard, E. and Reitz, C. and Honig, L. H. and Schupf, N. and Tang, M. X. and Manly, J. J. and Mayeux, R. and Devanand, D. and others},
title = {{Late-life depression, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia}},
journal = {JAMA neurology},
year = {2013},
doi = {10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.603},
pmid = {23599941},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.603}
}
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