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Data-driven subtypes of type 2 diabetes and risk of dementia, stroke, and brain structural changes in the UK Biobank
Si Han, Yingying Zhou, Miriam Sturkenboom, Geert Jan Biessels, Fariba Ahmadizar. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 2026-05-08
Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies
Plain-language summary
Three subtypes emerged: severe obesity-related inflammatory diabetes (SOID), mild metabolic diabetes (MMD, reference), and mild age-related hypertension-predominant diabetes (MARD-H). Versus MMD, SOID showed higher risks of all-cause dementia (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.01-1.52), vascular dementia (HR 1.42, 95% CI 1.01-1.99), stroke (HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.14-1.68), ischemic stroke (HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.21-1.82), all-cause mortality (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.45-1.74), and cardiovascular death (HR 1.88, 95% CI 1.59-2.23). MARD-H showed modest relative but highest absolute risks. SOID showed lower gray matter and greater white matter hyperintensity. T2D subtypes show distinct vascular and neurological risks. The obesity-inflammation subtype carries elevated risks of dementia, stroke, mortality, and adverse brain changes.
Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris
APA 7th
Han, S., Zhou, Y., Sturkenboom, M., Biessels, G. J., & Ahmadizar, F. (2026). Data-driven subtypes of type 2 diabetes and risk of dementia, stroke, and brain structural changes in the UK Biobank. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113311
Vancouver
Han S, Zhou Y, Sturkenboom M, Biessels GJ, Ahmadizar F. Data-driven subtypes of type 2 diabetes and risk of dementia, stroke, and brain structural changes in the UK Biobank. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2026. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113311. PMID: 42107717.
BibTeX
@article{han2026-42107717,
author = {Han, Si and Zhou, Yingying and Sturkenboom, Miriam and Biessels, Geert Jan and Ahmadizar, Fariba},
title = {{Data-driven subtypes of type 2 diabetes and risk of dementia, stroke, and brain structural changes in the UK Biobank}},
journal = {Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice},
year = {2026},
doi = {10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113311},
pmid = {42107717},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113311}
}
Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. Check the citation against the original before you use it.
Key findings
- Three subtypes emerged: severe obesity-related inflammatory diabetes (SOID), mild metabolic diabetes (MMD, reference), and mild age-related hypertension-predominant diabetes (MARD-H).
- Versus MMD, SOID showed higher risks of all-cause dementia (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.01-1.52), vascular dementia (HR 1.42, 95% CI 1.01-1.99), stroke (HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.14-1.68), ischemic stroke (HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.21-1.82), all-cause mortality (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.45-1.74), and cardiovascular death (HR 1.88, 95% CI 1.59-2.23).
- MARD-H showed modest relative but highest absolute risks.
- SOID showed lower gray matter and greater white matter hyperintensity.
- T2D subtypes show distinct vascular and neurological risks.
Why it matters
This study identified three subtypes of type 2 diabetes, with the severe obesity-related inflammatory subtype showing higher risks of dementia, stroke, and adverse brain changes. It suggests that recognizing diabetes subtypes may help identify people at higher risk, but it does not show that treating subtypes differently prevents dementia.
Study details
- Effect sizeHR 1.24; HR 1.42; HR 1.38
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 43/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, sample size, studied in people and randomized / blinded because the record does not state it.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice) |
| Journal's citation record | 2 / 4 | Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice: journal h-index 181 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 5 / 5 | 2026 — within 1 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 3 / 3 | Effect reported with a statistic (interval, p-value, ratio or similar) |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomized / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomization or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | 1 / 7 | Cited 3 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 1 / 5 | 1.5 citations a year over 2 year(s) since 2026 |
| Impact for its field and year | 4 / 6 | Cited 14.0× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 0 / 6 | No other study in this library cites it |
| Still being cited | 1 / 4 | Cited 3 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | 2 / 4 | Last-listed author Fariba Ahmadizar: h-index 26 (OpenAlex, whole career) |
| Institution's track record | 1 / 3 | University Medical Center Utrecht: institution h-index 1,076 (OpenAlex) |
| Multicenter collaboration | 1 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 2 institution(s) in 1 country |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 42107717) |
| Free to read | 2 / 2 | Free to read |
| Total | 43 / 100 | — |
What each of these 20 components measures, and what this score is not →
Read the original
- DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113311
- PubMed: 42107717
- Original source →
- Free full text: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice →
Full text: free to read — OpenAlex lists this copy as free to read: the link above (checked 6 Feb 1020).
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