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Clinical features of Alzheimer's disease
Förstl H, Kurz A.. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 1999-01-01
Topic: Amyloid, tau and blood-test diagnosis
The preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease is inconspicuous and there are - almost by definition - no reliable and valid symptoms and signs which would allow a very early diagnosis before the manifestation of irreversible deficits. For a clinical diagnosis of dementia, cognitive impairment has to be severe enough to compromise the activities of daily living. In the mild dementia stage, difficulties with declarative memory are usually prominent; depressive symptoms are not infrequent, but the patient usually manages to live alone.
Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris
APA 7th
Förstl, H., & Kurz, A. (1999). Clinical features of Alzheimer's disease. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004060050101
Vancouver
Förstl H, Kurz A. Clinical features of Alzheimer's disease. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience. 1999. doi:10.1007/s004060050101. PMID: 10653284.
BibTeX
@article{forstl1999-10653284,
author = {Förstl, H. and Kurz, A.},
title = {{Clinical features of Alzheimer's disease}},
journal = {European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience},
year = {1999},
doi = {10.1007/s004060050101},
pmid = {10653284},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s004060050101}
}
Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. Check the citation against the original before you use it.
Key findings
- For a clinical diagnosis of dementia, cognitive impairment has to be severe enough to compromise the activities of daily living.
- In the mild dementia stage, difficulties with declarative memory are usually prominent; depressive symptoms are not infrequent, but the patient usually manages to live alone.
- Supervision is needed in the moderate dementia stage, when other cognitive domains are affected in a more obvious manner and non-cognitive disturbances of thought, perception, affect, and behavior put increasing stress on the caregivers.
- Complete dependence of the patients, who frequently develop neurological disturbances, is typical of the late stage of illness.
Why it matters
This paper describes the clinical features and stages of Alzheimer's disease, from preclinical to moderate dementia. It is a descriptive review and contains no treatment, cure or prevention findings.
Study details
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 43/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience) |
| Journal's citation record | 2 / 4 | European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience: journal h-index 158 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 1 / 5 | 1999 — older than 20 years, still counted |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | 6 / 7 | Cited 443 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 3 / 5 | 15.3 citations a year over 29 year(s) since 1999 |
| Impact for its field and year | 2 / 6 | Cited 1.3× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 2 / 6 | Cited by 9 other studies in this library |
| Still being cited | 3 / 4 | Cited 64 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | 2 / 4 | Last-listed author Alexander Kurz: h-index 38 (OpenAlex, whole career) |
| Institution's track record | 1 / 3 | Technical University of Munich: institution h-index 1,092 (OpenAlex) |
| Multi-centre collaboration | 1 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 2 institution(s) in 1 country |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 10653284) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Total | 43 / 100 | — |
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