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Research

28,180 Alzheimer's and dementia studies in plain English, each scored out of 100.

Find studies

Showing 1–25 of 123 studies in Risk factors published 2023 (page 1 of 5) · 28,180 in the whole library · How the 0–100 score works

Download bibliography of these 123 studies, in this order: BibTeX (.bib) · RIS (.ris)

Browse by subject, author or institution

Each number is how many studies that link shows, with your other filters kept.

Other subjects

Authors

Names as each record prints them; the same person can appear under two spellings.

Institutions

From OpenAlex; 13,658 studies have no institution on record and are not counted here.

What “Risk factors” covers

Risk factors — Conditions, exposures and habits linked to a higher or lower chance of dementia, and how strong each link is.

A note on reading research. One study is rarely the final word.

We try to note the size of a study, whether it was in humans or animals, and how early-stage the finding is. If a summary here doesn't make that clear, treat it with extra caution and check the original source.

Widening the Spectrum of Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prodromal Features of Parkinson Disease

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 74 out of 100. JAMA neurology 2023-02-01

Consistent with previous reports, risk factors and prodromal features associated with PD included traumatic brain injury, odds ratio (OR), 1.62; 95% CI, 1.36-1.92; alcohol misuse, OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.21-1.44; hypertension, OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.26-1.31; anosmia, OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.59-2.93; and parasomnias (including RBD), OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.42-1.84. 4 key findings →

Design: cohort study Participants: 345 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Hypertension and Stroke as Mediators of Air Pollution Exposure and Incident Dementia

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 73 out of 100. JAMA network open 2023-09-05

Among 27 857 participants (mean [SD] age at baseline, 61 [10] years; 15 747 female participants [56.5%]; 19 249 non-Hispanic White participants [69.1%]), 4105 (14.7%) developed dementia during the follow-up period (mean [SD], 10.2 [5.6] years). 5 key findings →

Design: cohort study Participants: 857 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Sensory impairment and beta-amyloid deposition in the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 70 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2023-04-30

The combinations of hearing and proprioceptive impairment and hearing, vision, and proprioceptive impairment, were positively correlated with cDVR (β = 0.087 and p = 0.036, β = 0.110 and p = 0.018, respectively). 3 key findings →

Design: longitudinal study Participants: 174 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Associations of Air Pollution and Genetic Risk With Incident Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 70 out of 100. American journal of epidemiology 2023-02-01

Evidence on the association between air pollution and dementia is accumulating but still inconclusive, and the potential effect modification by genetics is unclear. 2 key findings →

Design: cohort study Participants: 227,840 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Comparison of Particulate Air Pollution From Different Emission Sources and Incident Dementia in the US

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 69 out of 100. JAMA internal medicine 2023-10-01

In this cohort study, higher residential PM2.5 levels, especially from agriculture and wildfires, were associated with higher rates of incident dementia, providing further evidence supporting PM2.5 reduction as a population-based approach to promote healthy cognitive aging. 5 key findings →

Design: cohort study Participants: 27 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Associations between air pollution and mental health service use in dementia: a retrospective cohort study

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 68 out of 100. BMJ mental health 2023-07

In the first year of follow-up, increased exposure to all air pollutants was associated with an increase in the use of CMHTs in a dose-response manner. 5 key findings →

Design: longitudinal study Participants: 5,024 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Cognitive Health in Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: The Impact of Early Treatment, Comorbidities, and Aging

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 67 out of 100. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2023-03-15

As persons with HIV age, noninfectious comorbidities occur more frequently compared with persons without HIV. 5 key findings →

Design: systematic review Participants: 154 Evidence: high

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Air pollution is associated with faster cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 66 out of 100. Annals of clinical and translational neurology 2023-04-27

Higher chronic exposure to SO2 was associated with a faster decline in memory score, whereas chronic exposure to CO, NO2 , and PM10 were not associated with the rate of cognitive decline. 4 key findings →

Design: longitudinal study Participants: 269 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Food Insecurity and Cognitive Trajectories in Community-Dwelling Medicare Beneficiaries 65 Years and Older

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 63 out of 100. JAMA Network Open 2023-03-24

Of 3037 participants, a weighted 57.8% (raw count, 1345) were younger than 75 years, 56.2% (raw count, 1777) were women, and most (84.9% [raw count, 2268]) were White. 5 key findings →

Design: cohort study Participants: 3,037 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Readmission Rates and Episode Costs for Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias Across Hospitals in a Statewide Collaborative

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 63 out of 100. JAMA Network Open 2023-03-16

The study included 722 911 hospitalization episodes, of which 66 676 were related to patients with ADRD (mean [SD] age, 83.4 [8.6] years; 42 439 [63.6%] female) and 656 235 were related to patients without ADRD (mean [SD] age, 66.0 [15.4] years; 351 246 [53.5%] female). 5 key findings →

Design: cohort study Participants: 722 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Metabolic syndrome and cognitive deficits in the Greek cohort of Epirus Health Study

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 63 out of 100. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2023-05-10

Multivariable linear regressions showed an association of metabolic syndrome with lower performance in attention (β=1.62 seconds, 95% CI=0.20, 3.04) and memory (β=-0.62 words, 95% CI=-1.19, -0.05) that could be driven by associations with elevated fasting glucose and abdominal obesity. 3 key findings →

Design: cross-sectional Participants: 2,077 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Identification of White Matter Hyperintensities in Routine Emergency Department Visits Using Portable Bedside Magnetic Resonance Imaging

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 62 out of 100. Journal of the American Heart Association 2023-05-23

Portable, low‐field imaging could be useful for identifying moderate to severe WMHs. 4 key findings →

Design: prospective cohort Participants: 33 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Association Between Socioeconomic Factors, Race, and Use of a Specialty Memory Clinic

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 60 out of 100. Neurology 2023-08-02

4,824 patients seen at the memory clinic between 2008-2018 were included in this study (mean age 72.7 [standard deviation 11.0] years, 2,712 [56%] female, 543 [11%] Black). 5 key findings →

Design: cross-sectional Participants: 4,824 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Evaluation of Neighborhood-Level Disadvantage and Cognition in Mexican American and Non-Hispanic White Adults 50 Years and Older in the US

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 60 out of 100. JAMA Network Open 2023-08-30

Among 1614 older adults (mean [SD] age, 66.3 [8.7] years; 980 women [60.7%]), 853 were Mexican American (mean [SD] age, 63.9 [7.9] years; 566 women [66.4%]), and 761 were non-Hispanic White (mean [SD] age, 69.1 [8.7] years; 414 women [54.4%]). 5 key findings →

Design: cross-sectional Participants: 280 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

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Where “Free full text” comes from

Free full text links and the Full text may need a subscription label come from Unpaywall, Europe PMC and OpenAlex records of free copies, checked 10 Oct 2026. A study with neither is unknown, not paywalled. Show only studies that are free to read

How the 0–100 score works — and why some entries are capped

This is alzhub's own score. It is not an official metric, not an impact factor, and no journal, publisher or ranking body endorses it. We built it so that a reader who is not a scientist can tell a landmark trial from a conference abstract without having to already know the difference. Every point comes from one of 20 components, all of them printed on the study itself, so you can disagree with our arithmetic rather than having to trust the total.

  • Journal tier up to 10 pts
  • Journal's citation record up to 4 pts
  • Study design up to 12 pts
  • Strength of evidence up to 5 pts
  • Peer-review validation up to 10 pts
  • How recent up to 5 pts
  • Sample size up to 4 pts
  • Effect reported up to 3 pts
  • Studied in people up to 3 pts
  • Randomised / blinded up to 2 pts
  • Times cited up to 7 pts
  • Citations per year up to 5 pts
  • Impact for its field and year up to 6 pts
  • Cited by studies here up to 6 pts
  • Still being cited up to 4 pts
  • Senior author's track record up to 4 pts
  • Institution's track record up to 3 pts
  • Multi-centre collaboration up to 3 pts
  • Indexed in PubMed up to 2 pts
  • Free to read up to 2 pts

Journals are placed in ordered tiers, never given a numeric impact factor — we could not verify current impact factors from a source we control, and an invented one would be worse than none. Tier 1 is the top-tier general journals (NEJM, The Lancet, JAMA, Nature, Science, Nature Medicine); tier 2 is the leading specialty journals; tier 3 is every other peer-reviewed journal. A separate part scores how much the journal's own papers are cited, which tells the tier-3 journals apart.

Two rules we don't bend. First, we never fill in a missing value: if a record does not state a sample size or a design, that component scores zero, and if we simply have no data for a part, such as a citation count, that part is left out and the study is scored on the parts we could check. The study card says which. Second, anything that is not a peer-reviewed article is capped at 16/100 and carries a warning chip — so a conference abstract or a company press release can never outrank a peer-reviewed paper, no matter how good it looks.

We rank a rigorous null result — a good trial showing that something does not work — above an early positive finding. Someone deciding whether to buy a supplement is served by that, and the rigour is already counted by the design and journal components.

The score is computed from the published data alone and is reproducible: the same file always yields the same numbers.

See the whole rubric drawn out → — four charts covering all 28,180 studies: how the scores are spread and where the cap bites, which of the 20 components the library is strong and weak on, which subjects rest on stronger evidence, and what kinds of study each subject is actually built from.

What this library is — and isn't

This is a large sample of the Alzheimer's literature, not an exhaustive index of it. It holds 28,180 records, built mostly from automated pulls of Europe PMC (61.7% of the library) and OpenAlex (18.1%), plus smaller pulls from PubMed, Crossref and medRxiv. If a study, a drug, or a finding isn't here, that is not evidence it doesn't exist in the literature — it may simply not have been pulled in yet.

1,034 records (3.7% of the library) are not peer-reviewed — 962 of those are preprints posted before any journal review, and the rest are conference abstracts, regulatory notices and reports. Every study card on this page states its status plainly, and the score above is capped for anything that isn't a peer-reviewed article.

See the full, machine-readable breakdown of this library's coverage →

Newest studies, as a dated timeline →    Atom feed