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X-34, a fluorescent derivative of Congo red: a novel histochemical stain for Alzheimer's disease pathology
Styren SD, Hamilton RL, Styren GC, Klunk WE.. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society, 2000-09-01
Topic: Plasma and spinal-fluid biomarkers
X-34, a lipophilic, highly fluorescent derivative of Congo red, was examined as a histochemical stain for pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). X-34 intensely stained neuritic and diffuse plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuropil threads, and cerebrovascular amyloid. Comparison to standard methods of demonstrating AD pathology showed that X-34 correlated well with Bielschowsky and thioflavin-S staining. X-34 staining of NFTs correlated closely with anti-TAU antibody staining. A 1:1 correspondence of X-34 and anti-A beta antibody staining of plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid was observed. Both X-34 and thioflavin-S staining were eliminated by formic acid pretreatment, suggesting that beta-sheet secondary protein structure is a necessary determinant of staining. X-34 may be a general amyloid stain, like Congo red, because it also stains systemic amyloid deposits due to lambda-light chain monoclonal gammopathy. In conclusion, X-34 is a highly fluorescent marker for beta-sheet structures and intensely labels amyloid plaques, NFTs, neuropil threads, and vascular amyloid in AD brains. It can be used with both paraffin-embedded and frozen tissues as well as in combination with immunohistochemistry for double labeling. The intensity of staining and the simplicity and reproducibility of the technique suggest that it may be a useful addition to the standard techniques for evaluation of AD neuropathology. (J Histochem Cytochem 48:1223-1232, 2000)
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APA 7th
Styren, S. D., Hamilton, R. L., Styren, G. C., & Klunk, W. E. (2000). X-34, a fluorescent derivative of Congo red: a novel histochemical stain for Alzheimer's disease pathology. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/002215540004800906
Vancouver
Styren SD, Hamilton RL, Styren GC, Klunk WE. X-34, a fluorescent derivative of Congo red: a novel histochemical stain for Alzheimer's disease pathology. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society. 2000. doi:10.1177/002215540004800906. PMID: 10950879.
BibTeX
@article{styren2000-10950879,
author = {Styren, S. D. and Hamilton, R. L. and Styren, G. C. and Klunk, W. E.},
title = {{X-34, a fluorescent derivative of Congo red: a novel histochemical stain for Alzheimer's disease pathology}},
journal = {The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society},
year = {2000},
doi = {10.1177/002215540004800906},
pmid = {10950879},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/002215540004800906}
}
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Key findings
- Comparison to standard methods of demonstrating AD pathology showed that X-34 correlated well with Bielschowsky and thioflavin-S staining.
- Both X-34 and thioflavin-S staining were eliminated by formic acid pretreatment, suggesting that beta-sheet secondary protein structure is a necessary determinant of staining.
- In conclusion, X-34 is a highly fluorescent marker for beta-sheet structures and intensely labels amyloid plaques, NFTs, neuropil threads, and vascular amyloid in AD brains.
- The intensity of staining and the simplicity and reproducibility of the technique suggest that it may be a useful addition to the standard techniques for evaluation of AD neuropathology.
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Study details
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 36/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomized / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on journal's citation record, times cited, citations per year, impact for its field and year, cited by studies here, still being cited, senior author's track record, institution's track record and multicenter collaboration, so those were left out: it earned 21 of the 58 points we could judge it on, which is 36 out of 100.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society) |
| Journal's citation record | — / 4 | No journal record from OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 1 / 5 | 2000 — older than 20 years, still counted |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomized / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomization or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | — / 7 | No citation count (not found in OpenAlex) — left out of this score |
| Citations per year | — / 5 | No citation count or no year — left out of this score |
| Impact for its field and year | — / 6 | No field-weighted citation impact (OpenAlex has none yet) — left out of this score |
| Cited by studies here | — / 6 | Not yet checked against this library's citation graph — left out of this score |
| Still being cited | — / 4 | No yearly citation counts — left out of this score |
| Senior author's track record | — / 4 | Senior author's record not available — left out of this score |
| Institution's track record | — / 3 | No institution listed in OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Multicenter collaboration | — / 3 | Institutions not listed — left out of this score |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 10950879) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Points | 21 / 58 | Scored on 11 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 21 of the 58 points we could judge it on is 36 out of 100. |
| Total | 36 / 100 | — |
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