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The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
A. S. Zigmond, R Philip Snaith. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1983-06-01
Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies
A self-assessment scale has been developed and found to be a reliable instrument for detecting states of depression and anxiety in the setting of an hospital medical outpatient clinic. The anxiety and depressive subscales are also valid measures of severity of the emotional disorder. It is suggested that the introduction of the scales into general hospital practice would facilitate the large task of detection and management of emotional disorder in patients under investigation and treatment in medical and surgical departments.
Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris
APA 7th
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
Vancouver
Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1983. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x. PMID: 6880820.
BibTeX
@article{zigmond1983-6880820,
author = {Zigmond, A. S. and Snaith, R Philip},
title = {{The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale}},
journal = {Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica},
year = {1983},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x},
pmid = {6880820},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x}
}
Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. Check the citation against the original before you use it.
Why it matters
Introduces the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, a self-assessment questionnaire for detecting depression and anxiety in hospital medical outpatient clinics. It is not specific to dementia.
How this study scored 49/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on strength of evidence and institution's track record, so those were left out: it earned 45 of the 92 points we could judge it on, which is 49 out of 100.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica) |
| Journal's citation record | 2 / 4 | Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica: journal h-index 239 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | — / 5 | No evidence rating recorded — left out of this score |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 1 / 5 | 1983 — older than 20 years, still counted |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | 7 / 7 | Cited 46,772 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 5 / 5 | 1,039.4 citations a year over 45 year(s) since 1983 |
| Impact for its field and year | 5 / 6 | Cited 20.7× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 0 / 6 | No other study in this library cites it |
| Still being cited | 4 / 4 | Cited 7,204 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | 2 / 4 | Last-listed author R Philip Snaith: h-index 30 (OpenAlex, whole career) |
| Institution's track record | — / 3 | No institution listed in OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Multi-centre collaboration | 0 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 0 institution(s) in 0 countries — scores zero (affiliation lists can be incomplete) |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 6880820) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Points | 45 / 92 | Scored on 18 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 45 of the 92 points we could judge it on is 49 out of 100. |
| Total | 49 / 100 | — |
What each of these 20 components measures, and what this score is not →
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