Neuropsychiatric symptoms as risk factors for progression from CIND to dementia: the Cache County Study
Peters ME, Rosenberg PB, Steinberg M, Norton MC, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Hayden KM, Breitner J, Tschanz JT et al.. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 2013-02-06
Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies
Objectives To examine the association of neuropsychiatric symptom (NPS) severity with risk of transition to all-cause dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD). Design Survival analysis of time to dementia, AD, or VaD onset. Setting Population-based study. Participants 230 participants diagnosed with cognitive impairment, no dementia (CIND) from the Cache County Study of Memory Health and Aging were followed for a mean of 3.3 years. Measurements The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) was used to quantify the presence, frequency, and severity of NPS. Chi-squared statistics, t-tests, and Cox proportional hazard ratios were used to assess associations. Results The conversion rate from CIND to all-cause dementia was 12% per year, with risk factors including an APOE ε4 allele, lower Mini-Mental State Examination, lower 3MS, and higher CDR sum-of-boxes. The presence of at least one NPS was a risk factor for all-cause dementia, as was the presence of NPS with mild severity. Nighttime behaviors were a risk factor for all-cause dementia and of AD, whereas hallucinations were a risk factor for VaD. Conclusions These data confirm that NPS are risk factors for conversion from CIND to dementia. Of special interest is that even NPS of mild severity are a risk for all-cause dementia or AD.
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APA 7th
Peters, M. E., Rosenberg, P. B., Steinberg, M., Norton, M. C., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Hayden, K. M., et al. (2013). Neuropsychiatric symptoms as risk factors for progression from CIND to dementia: the Cache County Study. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.049
Vancouver
Peters ME, Rosenberg PB, Steinberg M, Norton MC, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Hayden KM, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms as risk factors for progression from CIND to dementia: the Cache County Study. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2013. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.049. PMID: 23567370.
BibTeX
@article{peters2013-23567370,
author = {Peters, M. E. and Rosenberg, P. B. and Steinberg, M. and Norton, M. C. and Welsh-Bohmer, K. A. and Hayden, K. M. and Breitner, J. and Tschanz, J. T. and others},
title = {{Neuropsychiatric symptoms as risk factors for progression from CIND to dementia: the Cache County Study}},
journal = {The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry},
year = {2013},
doi = {10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.049},
pmid = {23567370},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.049}
}
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Key findings
- Results The conversion rate from CIND to all-cause dementia was 12% per year, with risk factors including an APOE ε4 allele, lower Mini-Mental State Examination, lower 3MS, and higher CDR sum-of-boxes.
Why it matters
In 230 people with cognitive impairment but no dementia, the conversion rate to all-cause dementia was 12% per year, with risk factors including an APOE epsilon 4 allele and lower cognitive scores. The presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms, even mild ones, was also a risk factor for progression to dementia.
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Study details
- Participants230
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 53/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, effect reported and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry) |
| Journal's citation record | 2 / 4 | American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: journal h-index 178 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 1 / 5 | 2013 — within 20 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 2 / 4 | 230 participants |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 3 / 3 | Studied in people (participant count stated) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | 5 / 7 | Cited 168 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 3 / 5 | 11.2 citations a year over 15 year(s) since 2013 |
| Impact for its field and year | 3 / 6 | Cited 7.5× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 3 / 6 | Cited by 18 other studies in this library |
| Still being cited | 2 / 4 | Cited 36 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | 4 / 4 | Last-listed author Constantine George Lyketsos: h-index 130 (OpenAlex, whole career) |
| Institution's track record | 3 / 3 | University of Washington: institution h-index 3,540 (OpenAlex) |
| Multi-centre collaboration | 2 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 4 institution(s) in 1 country |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 23567370) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Total | 53 / 100 | — |
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