Effect of cognitive reserve markers on Alzheimer pathologic progression
Lo RY, Jagust WJ, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders, 2013-10-01
Topic: Amyloid, tau and blood-test diagnosis
Education, occupation, premorbid intelligence, and brain size are surrogate markers for cognitive reserve. Whether these markers have biological influence on Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology is not known. We thus aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive reserve proxies on longitudinal change of AD biomarkers. A total of 819 participants with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and mild AD were enrolled in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and followed up with repeated measures of cerebrospinal fluid, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess whether biomarker rates of change were modified by reserve proxies. Cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 decline was slower in normal cognition participants with higher cognitive reserve indexed by education, occupation, and American National Adult Reading Test (ANART). The decline of [F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography uptake was slower in AD participants with better performance on the ANART. Education, occupation, and ANART did not modify the rates of magnetic resonance imaging hippocampal atrophy in any group. These findings remained unchanged after accounting for APOE 4, longitudinal missing data, and baseline cognitive performance. Higher levels of reserve markers may slow the rate of amyloid deposition before cognitive impairment and preserve glucose metabolism at the dementia stage over the course of AD pathologic progression.
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APA 7th
Lo, R. Y., Jagust, W. J., & Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. (2013). Effect of cognitive reserve markers on Alzheimer pathologic progression. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders. https://doi.org/10.1097/wad.0b013e3182900b2b
Vancouver
Lo RY, Jagust WJ, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Effect of cognitive reserve markers on Alzheimer pathologic progression. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders. 2013. doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e3182900b2b. PMID: 23552443.
BibTeX
@article{lo2013-23552443,
author = {Lo, R. Y. and Jagust, W. J. and {Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative}},
title = {{Effect of cognitive reserve markers on Alzheimer pathologic progression}},
journal = {Alzheimer disease and associated disorders},
year = {2013},
doi = {10.1097/wad.0b013e3182900b2b},
pmid = {23552443},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1097/wad.0b013e3182900b2b}
}
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Key findings
- These findings remained unchanged after accounting for APOE 4, longitudinal missing data, and baseline cognitive performance.
Why it matters
In this longitudinal study, higher education, occupation, and reading-test scores were linked to a slower decline in one Alzheimer's biomarker in people with normal cognition, and reading scores were linked to slower decline in another biomarker in people with Alzheimer's disease. These markers did not affect the rate of hippocampal shrinkage in any group.
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Study details
- Study designlongitudinal study
- Participants819
- Evidence strengthModerate
How this study scored 55/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal, and it is a longitudinal study following the same people over time. Scored zero for effect reported and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Alzheimer disease and associated disorders) |
| Journal's citation record | 1 / 4 | Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders: journal h-index 131 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 7 / 12 | A longitudinal study following the same people over time |
| Strength of evidence | 3 / 5 | Rated “moderate” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 1 / 5 | 2013 — within 20 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 2 / 4 | 819 participants |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 3 / 3 | Studied in people (participant count stated) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | 4 / 7 | Cited 88 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 2 / 5 | 5.9 citations a year over 15 year(s) since 2013 |
| Impact for its field and year | 3 / 6 | Cited 4.9× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 1 / 6 | Cited by 1 other studies in this library |
| Still being cited | 1 / 4 | Cited 11 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | 4 / 4 | Last-listed author William J. Jagust: h-index 152 (OpenAlex, whole career) |
| Institution's track record | 2 / 3 | University of California, Berkeley: institution h-index 2,012 (OpenAlex) |
| Multi-centre collaboration | 2 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 4 institution(s) in 2 countries |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 23552443) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Total | 55 / 100 | — |
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Read the original
- DOI: 10.1097/wad.0b013e3182900b2b
- PubMed: 23552443
- Original source →
- Free full text: PubMed Central →
Full text: free to read — PubMed Central lists this copy as free to read: the link above (checked 10 Oct 2026).
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