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28/100

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 28 out of 100. Risk factors

Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies

This review analyzes current data on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and approaches to the treatment of cognitive impairments in diabetes mellitus (DM). DM is recognized as an independent risk factor for dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia, increasing their likelihood by 50–91 %. The mechanism of cognitive disorders in DM includes brain insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, beta-amyloid accumulation, tau pathology, oxidative stress, vascular dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Insulin resistance disrupts signaling pathways (IRS-1/PI3K/AKT), contributing to neurodegeneration, while chronic hyperglycemia damages the endothelium, accelerates atherosclerosis, and increases the risk of dementia due to ischemic neuronal damage. According to clinical guidelines, cognitive impairment screening is recommended for all individuals with DM over 65 years old (earlier if mental changes are observed) using psychodiagnostic tests. Diagnosis also includes neuroimaging, cerebral hemodynamics analysis, and cerebrospinal fluid biomarker testing (beta-amyloid, tau protein), while PET scans for amyloid and tau, along with neuronal damage markers, are promising for early detection and staging of the disease. Treatment strategies should be individualized, focusing on glycemic control (target HbA1c < 8.0 % in the elderly), minimizing hypo-/hyperglycemia, and preventing vascular complications. Dementia treatment involves combining antidiabetic therapy with standard approaches: cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, or anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies. This strategy aims to slow cognitive decline and improve patient quality of life. Metformin, as a pathogenetically relevant antidiabetic drug, plays a key role not only in glycemic control but also in dementia treatment, as it reduces amyloid burden, suppresses inflammation, activates the AMPK pathway, stimulates neurogenesis, and improves cognitive function even in non-diabetic patients. Long-term metformin use is associated with a 29–84 % reduced risk of dementia, depending on therapy duration, and its combination with other drugs may provide synergy in slowing neurodegeneration. Dementia prevention includes lifestyle modifications (physical activity, healthy diet), correction of harmful habits, avoiding environmental risks, and controlling body weight, blood pressure, and lipid levels.

Key findings

Long-term metformin use is associated with a 29–84 % reduced risk of dementia, depending on therapy duration, and its combination with other drugs may provide synergy in slowing neurodegeneration.

Why it matters

This review states that diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, and describes mechanisms including brain insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, beta-amyloid accumulation, tau pathology, oxidative stress, vascular dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. It notes that long-term metformin use is associated with a reduced risk of dementia, depending on therapy duration.

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Study details

Evidence strengthLow

How this study scored 28/100

Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it.

Component	Points	Why
Journal tier	7 / 10	Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine))
Journal's citation record	0 / 4	INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine): journal h-index 11 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29)
Study design	0 / 12	No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Strength of evidence	1 / 5	Rated “low” in our summary
Peer-review validation	10 / 10	Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal.
How recent	4 / 5	2025 — within 3 year(s) of the newest study here
Sample size	0 / 4	Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Effect reported	0 / 3	No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Studied in people	0 / 3	Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Randomised / blinded	0 / 2	No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Times cited	1 / 7	Cited 2 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10)
Citations per year	0 / 5	0.7 citations a year over 3 year(s) since 2025
Impact for its field and year	2 / 6	Cited 1.3× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI)
Cited by studies here	0 / 6	No other study in this library cites it
Still being cited	0 / 4	Cited 2 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex)
Senior author's track record	0 / 4	Last-listed author V.M. Pashkovskyy: h-index 3 (OpenAlex, whole career)
Institution's track record	0 / 3	Bukovinian State Medical University: institution h-index 45 (OpenAlex)
Multi-centre collaboration	0 / 3	OpenAlex lists 1 institution(s) in 1 country — scores zero (affiliation lists can be incomplete)
Indexed in PubMed	1 / 2	Not in PubMed, but has a DOI
Free to read	2 / 2	Free to read
Total	28 / 100	—

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Full text: free to read — OpenAlex lists this copy as free to read: the link above (checked 6 Feb 1020).

Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris

Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. Check the citation against the original before you use it.

APA 7th

Pashkovska, N., & Pashkovskyy, V. (2025). Diabetes and dementia: current data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine). https://doi.org/10.22141/2224-0721.21.2.2025.1521

Vancouver

Pashkovska N, Pashkovskyy V. Diabetes and dementia: current data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine). 2025. doi:10.22141/2224-0721.21.2.2025.1521.

BibTeX

@article{pashkovska2025-ea341fb6,
  author  = {Pashkovska, N.V. and Pashkovskyy, V.M.},
  title   = {{Diabetes and dementia: current data}},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine)},
  year    = {2025},
  doi     = {10.22141/2224-0721.21.2.2025.1521},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.22141/2224-0721.21.2.2025.1521}
}

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