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63/100

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 63 out of 100. Risk factors

Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies

Background Affective disorders are associated with cognitive disturbances but their role as risk factors for dementia is still not fully investigated. Aims To evaluate the risk of developing dementia in individuals with a history of affective disorder. Method We conducted a systematic review of case-control and cohort studies addressing the risk of developing dementia in people with affective disorders. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review that has included studies evaluating this risk specifically in people with bipolar disorder. Results Fifty-one studies were included. Most of the studies found an increased risk for developing dementia in individuals with depression. Greater frequency and severity of depressive episodes seem to increase this risk. The evidence is contradictory regarding whether there is a difference in risk in people with early- or late-onset depression. The few available risk estimates for dementia in people with bipolar disorder suggest an even higher risk than for those with depression. Conclusions Affective disorders appear to be associated with an increased risk of developing dementia, and one that is dependent on clinical and demographic variables. Depression may be both a prodrome and a risk factor for dementia. Future research should aim to elucidate the mechanisms that mediate these links.

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APA 7th

da Silva, J., Gonçalves-Pereira, M., Xavier, M., & Mukaetova-Ladinska, E. B. (2013). Affective disorders and risk of developing dementia: systematic review. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.101931

Vancouver

da Silva J, Gonçalves-Pereira M, Xavier M, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB. Affective disorders and risk of developing dementia: systematic review. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. 2013. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.101931. PMID: 23457181.

BibTeX

@article{dasilva2013-23457181,
  author  = {da Silva, J. and Gonçalves-Pereira, M. and Xavier, M. and Mukaetova-Ladinska, E. B.},
  title   = {{Affective disorders and risk of developing dementia: systematic review}},
  journal = {The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science},
  year    = {2013},
  doi     = {10.1192/bjp.bp.111.101931},
  pmid    = {23457181},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.101931}
}

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Key findings

Background Affective disorders are associated with cognitive disturbances but their role as risk factors for dementia is still not fully investigated.
Most of the studies found an increased risk for developing dementia in individuals with depression.
The few available risk estimates for dementia in people with bipolar disorder suggest an even higher risk than for those with depression.
Conclusions Affective disorders appear to be associated with an increased risk of developing dementia, and one that is dependent on clinical and demographic variables.

Why it matters

This review of 51 studies found that people with depression, and possibly bipolar disorder, had a higher risk of developing dementia. It suggests depression may be both an early sign and a risk factor for dementia, but it does not show that treating depression prevents dementia.

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Study details

Study designsystematic review
Evidence strengthHigh

How this study scored 63/100

Published in a peer-reviewed journal, and it is a systematic review of all the studies on the question. Scored zero for sample size, effect reported and studied in people because the record does not state it.

Component	Points	Why
Journal tier	7 / 10	Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science)
Journal's citation record	3 / 4	The British Journal of Psychiatry: journal h-index 376 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29)
Study design	12 / 12	A systematic review of all the studies on the question
Strength of evidence	5 / 5	Rated “high” in our summary
Peer-review validation	10 / 10	Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal.
How recent	1 / 5	2013 — within 20 year(s) of the newest study here
Sample size	0 / 4	Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Effect reported	0 / 3	No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Studied in people	0 / 3	Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Randomised / blinded	0 / 2	A review of other studies — randomisation is not credited here
Times cited	6 / 7	Cited 318 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10)
Citations per year	4 / 5	21.2 citations a year over 15 year(s) since 2013
Impact for its field and year	3 / 6	Cited 3.6× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI)
Cited by studies here	3 / 6	Cited by 10 other studies in this library
Still being cited	3 / 4	Cited 52 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex)
Senior author's track record	2 / 4	Last-listed author Elizabeta B. Mukaetova‐Ladinska: h-index 37 (OpenAlex, whole career)
Institution's track record	1 / 3	Newcastle University: institution h-index 932 (OpenAlex)
Multi-centre collaboration	1 / 3	OpenAlex lists 2 institution(s) in 2 countries
Indexed in PubMed	2 / 2	Indexed in PubMed (PMID 23457181)
Free to read	0 / 2	Behind a paywall — scores zero
Total	63 / 100	—

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