Get help now — free helplines

You can call any of these for free. You do not need a diagnosis, an appointment, or a crisis to call — questions and plain exhaustion are reasons enough.

  • Alzheimer's Association 24/7 Helpline 800-272-3900 24 hours a day, 365 days a year Free, confidential support and information for people with dementia, caregivers, families and the public. Master's-level clinicians. Also Spanish.
  • 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline 988 24/7 Call or text 988, or chat at 988lifeline.org. For anyone in emotional distress or a mental-health crisis, including caregivers.
  • Alzheimer's Foundation of America (AFA) Helpline 866-232-8484 9:00 am - 9:00 pm ET, seven days a week Licensed social workers providing support, info and referrals. Also text message and web chat. Text: 646-586-5283

In a medical emergency, call 911. More numbers, and what each line does, on the help page.

Newest in this topic

  1. Molecular MRI of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease using a Folate-targeted Nanoprobe 2026-11-01
  2. Neuroinflammation is an early pathological process in a mouse model of prodromal Parkinsons disease 2026-10-30
  3. The TREM-receptor family interactome in the human brain 2026-10-29

Studies

747 studies carry this tag.

Date range

1986 to 2026

Top journals

  • Molecular neurodegeneration 31
  • Journal of neuroinflammation 26
  • bioRxiv 21
  • Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 19
  • Neurobiology of aging 19

252 journals in all.

Newest first, then by address. Each study has a usefulness score out of 100 (rubric version 4.0); tap a score to see what makes it up. Tags were assigned automatically from each study's title and summary. The same studies as a filter in the library.

  1. The role of interleukin-6 signaling in nervous tissue

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Biochimica et biophysica acta 2016-03-23 Brain scans and imaging

    The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders and in the physiological homeostasis of neural tissue.

  2. Opposing roles of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-like transcript 2 in microglia activation

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. Neurobiology of aging 2016-03-16 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Mutations in triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), which has been proposed to regulate the inflammatory responses and the clearance of apoptotic neurons and/or amyloid-β, are genetically linked to increased risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  3. The blood-brain barrier in systemic inflammation

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 38 out of 100. Brain, behavior, and immunity 2016-03-16 Vascular contributions

    The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a key role in maintaining the specialized microenvironment of the central nervous system (CNS), and enabling communication with the systemic compartment.

  4. microRNA-34a-Mediated Down-Regulation of the Microglial-Enriched Triggering Receptor and Phagocytosis-Sensor TREM2 in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. PloS one 2016-03-07 TREM2 and immune genetics

    The aggregation of Aβ42-peptides and the formation of drusen in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are due in part to the inability of homeostatic phagocytic mechanisms to clear self-aggregating Aβ42-peptides from the extracellular space.

  5. A rare coding variant in TREM2 increases risk for Alzheimer's disease in Han Chinese

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 49 out of 100. Neurobiology of aging 2016-03-03 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Two recent studies have identified that a rare coding variant (p.R47H) in exon 2 of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) gene is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) susceptibility in Caucasians.

  6. The NLRP3 and NLRP1 inflammasomes are activated in Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 38 out of 100. Molecular neurodegeneration 2016-03-03 Inflammation and the immune system

    mRNA for inflammasome components (NLRP1, NLRP3, PYCARD, caspase 1, 5 and 8) and downstream effectors (IL-1β, IL-18) was up-regulated in severe and MILD AD.

  7. Eliminating microglia in Alzheimer's mice prevents neuronal loss without modulating amyloid-β pathology

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Brain : a journal of neurology 2016-02-26 Disease mechanisms

    In addition to amyloid-β plaque and tau neurofibrillary tangle deposition, neuroinflammation is considered a key feature of Alzheimer's disease pathology.

  8. TREM2 variants: new keys to decipher Alzheimer disease pathogenesis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Nature reviews. Neuroscience 2016-02-25 Genetics

    Genome-wide association studies have identified rare variants of the gene that encodes triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) - an immune receptor that is found in brain microglia - as risk factors for non-familial Alzheimer disease (AD).

  9. TREM2 Function in Alzheimer's Disease and Neurodegeneration

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. ACS chemical neuroscience 2016-02-19 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, is a complex neurodegenerative disease marked by the appearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles.

  10. TREM2 modifies microglial phenotype and provides neuroprotection in P301S tau transgenic mice

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. Neuropharmacology 2016-01-21 TREM2 and immune genetics

    As a novel risk gene for Alzheimer's disease (AD), triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) gene encodes a type I transmembrane receptor that is uniquely expressed by the microglia in the brain.

  11. Functional involvement of γ-secretase in signaling of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2)

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 38 out of 100. Journal of neuroinflammation 2016-01-20 TREM2 and immune genetics

    We show that inhibition of γ-secretase-dependent cleavage of the TREM2 C-terminal fragment in cellular membranes interferes with TREM2-dependent signaling and cellular function.

  12. TREM2 Overexpression has No Improvement on Neuropathology and Cognitive Impairment in Aging APPswe/PS1dE9 Mice

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 39 out of 100. Molecular neurobiology 2016-01-16 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Previously, we showed that overexpression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), a microglia-specific immune receptor, in the brain of a middle-aged (7 months old) APPswe/PS1dE9 mice could ameliorate Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related neuropathology by enhancement of microglial amyloid-β (Aβ) phagocytosis.

  13. Astrocyte-Microglia Cross Talk through Complement Activation Modulates Amyloid Pathology in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Journal of Neuroscience 2016-01-12 Inflammation and the immune system

    Increasing evidence supports a role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  14. Increased cerebrospinal fluid soluble TREM2 concentration in Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 60 out of 100. Molecular neurodegeneration 2016-01-12 TREM2 and immune genetics

    The discovery that heterozygous missense mutations in the gene encoding triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), with only the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 gene allele conferring a higher risk, has led to increased interest in immune biology in the brain.

  15. Cerebrospinal fluid soluble TREM2 is higher in Alzheimer disease and associated with mutation status

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 69 out of 100. Acta neuropathologica 2016-01-11 Genetics

    Low frequency coding variants in TREM2 are associated with increased Alzheimer disease (AD) risk, while loss of functions mutations in the gene lead to an autosomal recessive early-onset dementia, named Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD).

  16. Soluble TREM-2 in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab or mitoxantrone

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2016-01-11 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Microglia-mediated proteolysis of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2) produces soluble TREM-2 (sTREM-2) that can be measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples.

  17. Inflammation may play a role in neural damage in preclinical AD.

  18. Overexpression of TREM2 enhances glioma cell proliferation and invasion: a therapeutic target in human glioma

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Oncotarget 2016-01-01 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Gliomas are the most common and aggressive type of primary adult brain tumors.

  19. TREM2 p.H157Y Variant and the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis Involving 14,510 Subjects

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 53 out of 100. Current neurovascular research 2016-01-01 TREM2 and immune genetics

    We recently revealed that p.H157Y (rs2234255), a rare coding variant of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 gene (TREM2), was associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) susceptibility in Han Chinese.

  20. New insights on the role of microglia in synaptic pruning in health and disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Current opinion in neurobiology 2015-12-30 Genetics

    Recent genome-wide association studies implicate microglia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis; however, their biological significance remains poorly understood.

  21. Neuroinflammation and Depression: Microglia Activation, Extracellular Microvesicles and microRNA Dysregulation

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience 2015-12-17 Risk factors

    Patients with chronic inflammation are often associated with the emergence of depression symptoms, while diagnosed depressed patients show increased levels of circulating cytokines.

  22. Astrocytes: a central element in neurological diseases

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Acta neuropathologica 2015-12-15 Inflammation and the immune system

    The neurone-centred view of the past disregarded or downplayed the role of astroglia as a primary component in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases.

  23. Depression as a microglial disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Trends in neurosciences 2015-10-01 Risk factors

    Despite decades of intensive research, the biological mechanisms that causally underlie depression are still unclear, and therefore the development of novel effective antidepressant treatments is hindered.

  24. CD33 modulates TREM2: convergence of Alzheimer loci

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 60 out of 100. Nature neuroscience 2015-09-28 Risk genes beyond APOE

    We used a protein quantitative trait analysis in monocytes from 226 individuals to evaluate cross-talk between Alzheimer loci.

  25. Apolipoprotein E Is a Ligand for Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2)

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 54 out of 100. The Journal of biological chemistry 2015-09-15 Genetics

    Several heterozygous missense mutations in the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) have recently been linked to risk for a number of neurological disorders including Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease, and frontotemporal dementia.

  26. Convergent Genetic and Expression Datasets Highlight TREM2 in Parkinson's Disease Susceptibility

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 67 out of 100. Molecular neurobiology 2015-09-14 TREM2 and immune genetics

    A rare TREM2 missense mutation (rs75932628-T) was reported to confer a significant Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk.

  27. TREM2 in CNS homeostasis and neurodegenerative disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Molecular neurodegeneration 2015-09-04 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Myeloid-lineage cells accomplish a myriad of homeostatic tasks including the recognition of pathogens, regulation of the inflammatory milieu, and mediation of tissue repair and regeneration.

  28. Lack of genetic association between TREM2 and Alzheimer's disease in East Asian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 55 out of 100. American journal of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias 2015-09-01 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Twelve studies were considered for analysis.

  29. Silencing of TREM2 exacerbates tau pathology, neurodegenerative changes, and spatial learning deficits in P301S tau transgenic mice

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. Neurobiology of aging 2015-08-24 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Tau pathology is a pathological hallmark for several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia.

  30. GWAS of longitudinal amyloid accumulation on18F-florbetapir PET in Alzheimer’s disease implicates microglial activation geneIL1RAP

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 59 out of 100. Brain 2015-08-11 Genetics

    Brain amyloid deposition is thought to be a seminal event in Alzheimer’s disease.

  31. R47H Variant of TREM2 Associated With Alzheimer Disease in a Large Late-Onset Family: Clinical, Genetic, and Neuropathological Study

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 55 out of 100. JAMA neurology 2015-08-01 Risk genes beyond APOE

    The R47H variant in the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 gene (TREM2), a modulator of the immune response of microglia, is a strong genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD) and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders.

  32. Neutrophils promote Alzheimer's disease-like pathology and cognitive decline via LFA-1 integrin

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Nature medicine 2015-07-27 Brain tissue and pathology

    Inflammation is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, and innate immune cells have been shown to contribute to disease pathogenesis.

  33. TREM2 variants and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2015-06-03 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Recent studies show that heterozygous variant of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) but with inconclusive results.

  34. Role of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from microglia in Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Annals of translational medicine 2015-06-01 Inflammation and the immune system

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the brain, which is characterized by the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques (or senile plaques) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.

  35. DAP12 Stabilizes the C-terminal Fragment of the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-2 (TREM2) and Protects against LPS-induced Pro-inflammatory Response

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 47 out of 100. The Journal of biological chemistry 2015-05-08 Risk genes beyond APOE

    Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a DAP12-associated receptor expressed in microglia, macrophages, and other myeloid-derived cells.

  36. Neurodegeneration severity can be predicted from early microglia alterations monitored in vivo in a mouse model of chronic glaucoma

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Disease Models & Mechanisms 2015-05-01 Inflammation and the immune system

    Microglia serve key homeostatic roles, and respond to neuronal perturbation and decline with a high spatiotemporal resolution.

  37. The role of TREM2 R47H as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 75 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2015-04-30 TREM2 and immune genetics

    A rare variant in TREM2 (p.R47H, rs75932628) was recently reported to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and, subsequently, other neurodegenerative diseases, i.e. frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson's disease (PD).

  38. TREM2 sustains microglial expansion during aging and response to demyelination

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 53 out of 100. The Journal of clinical investigation 2015-04-20 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Microglia contribute to development, homeostasis, and immunity of the CNS.

  39. TREM2 is associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease in African Americans

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 67 out of 100. Molecular neurodegeneration 2015-04-10 TREM2 and immune genetics

    TREM2 encodes for triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 and has rare, coding variants that associate with risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in Caucasians of European and North-American origin.

  40. Nuclear receptors license phagocytosis by trem2+ myeloid cells in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2015-04-01 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a robust inflammatory response elicited by the accumulation and subsequent deposition of amyloid (Aβ) within the brain.

  41. Reactive microglia drive tau pathology and contribute to the spreading of pathological tau in the brain

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 43 out of 100. Brain 2015-03-31 Inflammation and the immune system

    Pathological aggregation of tau is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease and related tauopathies.

  42. The TREM2-DAP12 signaling pathway in Nasu-Hakola disease: a molecular genetics perspective

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 39 out of 100. Research and reports in biochemistry 2015-03-17 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Nasu-Hakola disease or polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy (PLOSL) is a rare recessively inherited disease that is associated with early dementia and bone cysts with fractures.

  43. TLR9 signalling in microglia attenuates seizure-induced aberrant neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 39 out of 100. Nature Communications 2015-03-09 Inflammation and the immune system

    Pathological conditions such as epilepsy cause misregulation of adult neural stem/progenitor populations in the adult hippocampus in mice, and the resulting abnormal neurogenesis leads to impairment in learning and memory.

  44. Reactive astrocytes with an increased expression of intermediate filament (IF) proteins Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and Vimentin (VIM) surround amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  45. TREM2 deficiency eliminates TREM2+ inflammatory macrophages and ameliorates pathology in Alzheimer's disease mouse models

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 58 out of 100. The Journal of experimental medicine 2015-03-02 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Variants in triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) confer high risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases.

  46. A TREM1 variant alters the accumulation of Alzheimer-related amyloid pathology

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 54 out of 100. Annals of neurology 2015-03-01 Genetics

    We provide evidence that 2 common variants within the TREM locus are associated with pathological features of AD and aging-related cognitive decline.

  47. Innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Nature immunology 2015-03-01 Inflammation and the immune system

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the world's most common dementing illness, affecting over 150 million patients.

  48. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 is involved in prion-induced microglial activation but does not contribute to prion pathogenesis in mouse brains

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 38 out of 100. Neurobiology of aging 2015-02-27 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Dysfunctional variants of the innate immune cell surface receptor TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2) were identified as major genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions.

  49. TREM2 lipid sensing sustains the microglial response in an Alzheimer's disease model

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 62 out of 100. Cell 2015-02-26 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a microglial surface receptor that triggers intracellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation.

  50. Understanding the MIND phenotype: macrophage/microglia inflammation in neurocognitive disorders related to human immunodeficiency virus infection

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Clinical and Translational Medicine 2015-02-26 Inflammation and the immune system

    Tissue macrophages play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in most organs of the body including the brain where microglia represent the resident phagocytic cells of this compartment.

From across this tag

9 of the 747 studies in this tag, picked by a fixed rule (a hash of each study's address), not by score or date; each page of this list shows a different 9. The same 9 appear here every time.

All topic tags with their study counts