Get help now — free helplines

You can call any of these for free. You do not need a diagnosis, an appointment, or a crisis to call — questions and plain exhaustion are reasons enough.

  • Alzheimer's Association 24/7 Helpline 800-272-3900 24 hours a day, 365 days a year Free, confidential support and information for people with dementia, caregivers, families and the public. Master's-level clinicians. Also Spanish.
  • 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline 988 24/7 Call or text 988, or chat at 988lifeline.org. For anyone in emotional distress or a mental-health crisis, including caregivers.
  • Alzheimer's Foundation of America (AFA) Helpline 866-232-8484 9:00 am - 9:00 pm ET, seven days a week Licensed social workers providing support, info and referrals. Also text message and web chat. Text: 646-586-5283

In a medical emergency, call 911. More numbers, and what each line does, on the help page.

Newest in this topic

  1. The metabolic-brain axis: GLP-1 signaling, insulin resistance, and obesity pharmacotherapy in neurodegeneration 2026-10-30
  2. Beyond Glycemic Control: The Pleiotropic Role of GLP-1RAs and Melatonin in Combating Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction 2026-10-28
  3. PFKFB3 inhibition restores β-cell responsiveness to acetylcholine in a 3xTg-AD pancreatic tissue-slice model 2026-10-07

Studies

285 studies carry this tag.

Date range

1994 to 2026

Top journals

  • International journal of molecular sciences 10
  • Neuropharmacology 10
  • Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 9
  • European journal of pharmacology 8
  • Neurobiology of aging 6

177 journals in all.

Newest first, then by address. Each study has a usefulness score out of 100 (rubric version 4.0); tap a score to see what makes it up. Tags were assigned automatically from each study's title and summary. The same studies as a filter in the library.

  1. Assessing potential glycemic overtreatment in persons at hypoglycemic risk

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 62 out of 100. JAMA internal medicine 2014-02-01 Digital health tools

    We also assessed the rates in patients with other significant medical, neurologic, or mental comorbid illness.

  2. The incretin hormones glucagonlike peptide 1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide are neuroprotective in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2014-02-01 Drug development

    The incretin hormones glucagonlike peptide 1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) have been developed to treat type 2 diabetes and also act as growth factors.

  3. The nature, significance, and glucagon-like peptide-1 analog treatment of brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2014-02-01 Drug development

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease leading over the course of decades to the most common form of dementia.

  4. Glucagon-like peptide-1 protects synaptic and learning functions from neuroinflammation in rodents

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 38 out of 100. Journal of neuroscience research 2014-01-27 Drug development

    Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is derived from the processing of proglucagon in intestinal L-cells and releases insulin from pancreatic β-cells as an incretin.

  5. The extra-pancreatic effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists: a focus on the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and central nervous systems

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism 2014-01-16 Drug development

    The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) exenatide, liraglutide and lixisenatide have been shown to improve glycaemic control and beta-cell function with a low risk of hypoglycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes.

  6. Diabetes drugs and neurological disorders: new views and therapeutic possibilities

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology 2013-11-22 Drug development

    Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disease characterised by insulin resistance with hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia.

  7. Glucagon-like peptide-1 protects hippocampal neurons against advanced glycation end product-induced tau hyperphosphorylation

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Neuroscience 2013-10-30 Drug development

    We have previously demonstrated that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist ameliorated neurodegenerative changes in rat models of diabetes-related Alzheimer's disease (AD), and protected neurons from glucose toxicity in vitro.

  8. Neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects of liraglutide on SH-SY5Y cells exposed to methylglyoxal stress

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Journal of neurochemistry 2013-10-28 Drug development

    Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a growth factor that has demonstrated neuroprotective properties in a range of studies.

  9. Vildagliptin: an anti-diabetes agent ameliorates cognitive deficits and pathology observed in streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology 2013-10-10 Drug development

    These robust therapeutic effects of vildagliptin demonstrate a unique mechanism for Aβ and tau clearance and reverse the cognitive deficits and pathology observed in AD.

  10. Liraglutide can reverse memory impairment, synaptic loss and reduce plaque load in aged APP/PS1 mice, a model of Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Neuropharmacology 2013-08-21 Drug development

    Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  11. Exenatide promotes cognitive enhancement and positive brain metabolic changes in PS1-KI mice but has no effects in 3xTg-AD animals

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Cell death & disease 2013-05-02 Drug development

    Recent studies have shown that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction or dementia.

  12. Neuroprotective effects of D-Ala(2)GIP on Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in an APP/PS1 mouse model

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Alzheimer's research & therapy 2013-04-19 Drug development

    The results demonstrate that D-Ala(2)GIP has neuroprotective properties on key hallmarks found in AD.

  13. Saxagliptin: a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor ameliorates streptozotocin induced Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Neuropharmacology 2013-04-17 Drug development

    Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the major risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  14. Chronic treatment with the GLP1 analogue liraglutide increases cell proliferation and differentiation into neurons in an AD mouse model

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. PloS one 2013-03-11 Drug development

    Neurogenesis is a life long process, but the rate of cell proliferation and differentiation decreases with age.

  15. Crosstalk between diabetes and brain: glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetics as a promising therapy against neurodegeneration

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Biochimica et biophysica acta 2013-01-11 Drug development

    According to World Health Organization estimates, type 2 diabetes (T2D) is an epidemic (particularly in under development countries) and a socio-economic challenge.

  16. Subcutaneous administration of liraglutide ameliorates Alzheimer-associated tau hyperphosphorylation in rats with type 2 diabetes

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 2013-01-01 Drug development

    Our results indicated that subcutaneous administration of liraglutide restores both peripheral and brain insulin sensitivity and ameliorates tau hyperphosphorylation in rats with type 2 diabetes.

  17. The type 2 diabetes drug liraglutide reduces chronic inflammation induced by irradiation in the mouse brain

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. European journal of pharmacology 2012-12-28 Drug development

    Chronic inflammation in the brain is found in a range of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease.

  18. The incretin analogue D-Ala2GIP reduces plaque load, astrogliosis and oxidative stress in an APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Neuroscience 2012-10-26 Drug development

    Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been identified as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  19. Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist prevents mTBI-induced changes in hippocampus gene expression and memory deficits in mice

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Experimental neurology 2012-10-08 Drug development

    Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global problem reaching near epidemic numbers that manifests clinically with cognitive problems that decades later may result in dementias like Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  20. Glucagon-like peptide-1 cleavage product GLP-1(9-36) amide rescues synaptic plasticity and memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease model mice

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2012-10-01 Drug development

    Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an endogenous intestinal peptide that enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.

  21. Potential role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in neuroprotection

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. CNS drugs 2012-10-01 Drug development

    The current understanding of neurodegenerative processes in sporadic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) or multiple sclerosis is very limited.

  22. Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been shown to involve desensitised insulin receptor (IR) signalling.

  23. The neuroprotective effects of GLP-1: possible treatments for cognitive deficits in individuals with mood disorders

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Behavioural brain research 2012-09-20 Drug development

    Incretins are a group of gastrointestinal hormones detected both peripherally and in the central nervous system (CNS).

  24. Tumor necrosis factor-induced cerebral insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease links numerous treatment rationales

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Pharmacological reviews 2012-09-10 Drug development

    The evident limitations of the amyloid theory of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease are increasingly putting alternatives in the spotlight.

  25. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Decreases Intracerebral Glucose Content by Activating Hexokinase and Changing Glucose Clearance during Hyperglycemia

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 47 out of 100. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 2012-08-29 Drug development

    Type 2 diabetes and hyperglycemia with the resulting increase of glucose concentrations in the brain impair the outcome of ischemic stroke, and may increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  26. Exendin-4 induced glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation reverses behavioral impairments of mild traumatic brain injury in mice

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 2012-08-15 Drug development

    Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) represents a major and increasing public health concern and is both the most frequent cause of mortality and disability in young adults and a chief cause of morbidity in the elderly.

  27. Exendin-4 protected against cognitive dysfunction in hyperglycemic mice receiving an intrahippocampal lipopolysaccharide injection

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. PloS one 2012-07-23 Drug development

    These findings reveal that both hyperglycemia and intrahippocampal LPS injection induced cognitive dysfunction via activation of NF-κB-related inflammatory responses.

  28. Insulin in the brain: there and back again

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Pharmacology & therapeutics 2012-07-17 Risk factors

    Insulin performs unique functions within the CNS.

  29. Neuroprotective and neurotrophic actions of glucagon-like peptide-1: an emerging opportunity to treat neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. British journal of pharmacology 2012-07-01 Drug development

    Like type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), neurodegenerative disorders and stroke are an ever increasing, health, social and economic burden for developed Westernized countries.

  30. Contribution of genetic and dietary insulin resistance to Alzheimer phenotype in APP/PS1 transgenic mice

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 2012-06-01 Biomarkers

    According to epidemiological studies, type-2 diabetes increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease.

  31. Liraglutide protects against amyloid-β protein-induced impairment of spatial learning and memory in rats

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Neurobiology of aging 2012-05-15 Drug development

    Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD), most likely linked to an impairment of insulin signaling in the brain.

  32. An anti-diabetes agent protects the mouse brain from defective insulin signaling caused by Alzheimer's disease- associated Aβ oligomers

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. The Journal of clinical investigation 2012-04-01 Drug development

    Defective brain insulin signaling has been suggested to contribute to the cognitive deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  33. Demonstrated brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease patients is associated with IGF-1 resistance, IRS-1 dysregulation, and cognitive decline

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. The Journal of clinical investigation 2012-04-01 Genetics

    While a potential causal factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD), brain insulin resistance has not been demonstrated directly in that disorder.

  34. Drugs developed to treat diabetes, liraglutide and lixisenatide, cross the blood brain barrier and enhance neurogenesis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. BMC neuroscience 2012-03-23 Drug development

    Our results suggest that these novel incretin analogues cross the BBB and show physiological activity and neurogenesis in the brain, which may be of use as a treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

  35. Metformin attenuates Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology in obese, leptin-resistant mice

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior 2012-03-09 Drug development

    Diabetes increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  36. Exendin-4 ameliorates motor neuron degeneration in cellular and animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. PloS one 2012-02-23 Drug development

    Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of lower motor neurons in the spinal cord.

  37. Parkinson's disease, insulin resistance and novel agents of neuroprotection

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 47 out of 100. Brain : a journal of neurology 2012-02-17 Drug development

    Multiple avenues of research including epidemiology, molecular genetics and cell biology have identified links between Parkinson's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

  38. GSK3: a key target for the development of novel treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Reviews in the neurosciences 2011-12-21 Drug development

    As a constitutively active kinase, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a kinase which regulates body metabolism by phosphorylation of glycogen synthase (GS) and other substrates.

  39. Effects of acute and chronic administration of GIP analogues on cognition, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis in mice

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. European journal of pharmacology 2011-11-12 Drug development

    Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease.

  40. Diabetes as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: insulin signalling impairment in the brain as an alternative model of Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Biochemical Society transactions 2011-08-01 Drug development

    Surprisingly little is known about the mechanisms that trigger the onset of AD (Alzheimer's disease) in sporadic forms.

  41. Peripheral insulin-sensitizer drug metformin ameliorates neuronal insulin resistance and Alzheimer's-like changes

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Neuropharmacology 2011-01-26 Drug development

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide.

  42. Neuroprotective properties of GLP-1: theoretical and practical applications

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Current medical research and opinion 2011-01-12 Drug development

    In the past few years, the development of pharmaceutical agents that enhance the physiological effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), either through GLP-1 receptor agonism (GLP-1 agonists) or by inhibiting GLP-1 degradation (dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors) has broadened the range of treatment options for individuals with type 2 diabetes.

  43. Novel GLP-1 mimetics developed to treat type 2 diabetes promote progenitor cell proliferation in the brain

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Journal of neuroscience research 2011-01-10 Drug development

    One of the symptoms of diabetes is the progressive development of neuropathies.

  44. Val8-glucagon-like peptide-1 protects against Aβ1-40-induced impairment of hippocampal late-phase long-term potentiation and spatial learning in rats

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Neuroscience 2010-08-19 Drug development

    Amyloid β protein (Aβ) is considered to be partly responsible for the impairment of learning and memory in Alzheimer disease (AD).

  45. Therapeutic potential of the original incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide: diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease?

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 2010-08-11 Drug development

    It is worthwhile to refocus on this important and somewhat neglected incretin hormone.

  46. Incretin analogues that have been developed to treat type 2 diabetes hold promise as a novel treatment strategy for Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Recent patents on CNS drug discovery 2010-06-01 Drug development

    Analogues of the incretins Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) have been developed to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.

  47. Val(8)GLP-1 rescues synaptic plasticity and reduces dense core plaques in APP/PS1 mice

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Neurobiology of aging 2010-03-31 Drug development

    Diabetes is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease.

  48. Diabetes-accelerated memory dysfunction via cerebrovascular inflammation and Aβ deposition in an Alzheimer mouse model with diabetes

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2010-03-15 Vascular contributions

    Recent epidemiological studies suggest that diabetes mellitus is a strong risk factor for Alzheimer disease.

  49. Defects in IGF-1 receptor, insulin receptor and IRS-1/2 in Alzheimer's disease indicate possible resistance to IGF-1 and insulin signalling

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Neurobiology of aging 2010-02-01 Inflammation and the immune system

    Insulin like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor (IR) signalling control vital growth, survival and metabolic functions in the brain.

  50. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor stimulation as a means of neuroprotection

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. British journal of pharmacology 2010-01-29 Drug development

    Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a relatively recently discovered molecule originating in the so-called L-cells of the intestine.

From across this tag

10 of the 285 studies in this tag, picked by a fixed rule (a hash of each study's address), not by score or date; each page of this list shows a different 10. The same 10 appear here every time.

All topic tags with their study counts