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Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a population-based, longitudinal study in Manitoba, Canada
Tyas SL, Manfreda J, Strain LA, Montgomery PR.. International journal of epidemiology, 2001-06-01
Topic: Amyloid, tau and blood-test diagnosis
Background Current knowledge of risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is limited. Data from a longitudinal, population-based study of dementia in Manitoba, Canada were used to investigate risk factors for AD. Methods Cognitively intact subjects completed a risk factor questionnaire assessing sociodemographic, genetic, environmental, medical and lifestyle exposures. Five years later, 36 subjects had developed AD and 658 remained cognitively intact. Results Older subjects or those who had fewer years of education were at greater risk of AD. After adjusting for age, education and sex, occupational exposure to fumigants/ defoliants was a significant risk factor for AD (relative risk [RR] = 4.35; 95% CI : 1.05--17.90). A history of migraines increased the risk of AD (RR = 3.49; 95% CI : 1.39--8.77); an even stronger effect was noted among women. Self-reported memory loss at baseline was associated with subsequent development of AD (RR = 5.15; 95% CI : 2.36--11.27). Vaccinations and occupational exposure to excessive noise reduced the risk of AD. Conclusions Some well-known risk factors for AD were confirmed in this study and potential new risk factors were identified. The association of AD with a history of migraines and occupational exposure to defoliants/fumigants is of particular interest because these are biologically plausible risk factors.
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APA 7th
Tyas, S. L., Manfreda, J., Strain, L. A., & Montgomery, P. R. (2001). Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a population-based, longitudinal study in Manitoba, Canada. International journal of epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/30.3.590
Vancouver
Tyas SL, Manfreda J, Strain LA, Montgomery PR. Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a population-based, longitudinal study in Manitoba, Canada. International journal of epidemiology. 2001. doi:10.1093/ije/30.3.590. PMID: 11416089.
BibTeX
@article{tyas2001-11416089,
author = {Tyas, S. L. and Manfreda, J. and Strain, L. A. and Montgomery, P. R.},
title = {{Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a population-based, longitudinal study in Manitoba, Canada}},
journal = {International journal of epidemiology},
year = {2001},
doi = {10.1093/ije/30.3.590},
pmid = {11416089},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/30.3.590}
}
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Key findings
- Results Older subjects or those who had fewer years of education were at greater risk of AD.
- After adjusting for age, education and sex, occupational exposure to fumigants/ defoliants was a significant risk factor for AD (relative risk [RR] = 4.35; 95% CI : 1.05--17.90).
- Self-reported memory loss at baseline was associated with subsequent development of AD (RR = 5.15; 95% CI : 2.36--11.27).
Why it matters
This longitudinal study found that older age, fewer years of education, occupational exposure to fumigants or defoliants, a history of migraines, and self-reported memory loss at baseline were associated with increased Alzheimer's disease risk. Vaccinations and occupational exposure to excessive noise were associated with reduced risk.
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Study details
- Study designlongitudinal study
- Participants36
- Effect sizeRR = 3.49; RR = 5.15
- Evidence strengthModerate
How this study scored 59/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal, and it is a longitudinal study following the same people over time. Scored zero for randomised / blinded because the record does not state it.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (International journal of epidemiology) |
| Journal's citation record | 3 / 4 | International Journal of Epidemiology: journal h-index 328 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 7 / 12 | A longitudinal study following the same people over time |
| Strength of evidence | 3 / 5 | Rated “moderate” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 1 / 5 | 2001 — older than 20 years, still counted |
| Sample size | 1 / 4 | 36 participants |
| Effect reported | 3 / 3 | Effect reported with a statistic (interval, p-value, ratio or similar) |
| Studied in people | 3 / 3 | Studied in people (participant count stated) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | 5 / 7 | Cited 272 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 3 / 5 | 10.1 citations a year over 27 year(s) since 2001 |
| Impact for its field and year | 3 / 6 | Cited 4.9× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 3 / 6 | Cited by 19 other studies in this library |
| Still being cited | 2 / 4 | Cited 23 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | 2 / 4 | Last-listed author Patrick R. Montgomery: h-index 23 (OpenAlex, whole career) |
| Institution's track record | 1 / 3 | University of Kentucky: institution h-index 824 (OpenAlex) |
| Multi-centre collaboration | 0 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 1 institution(s) in 1 country — scores zero (affiliation lists can be incomplete) |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 11416089) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Total | 59 / 100 | — |
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