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54/100

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 54 out of 100. Drug development

Topic: Drug trials: efficacy and safety

Plain-language summary

We identified GLP-1 receptor agonist initiation compared to DPP-4 inhibitors initiation was associated with a reduced risk of AD (hazard ratio [HR] ≤ 0.69 and P value < 0.001) and SGLT-2 inhibitor initiation compared to DPP-4 inhibitor initiation was associated with a reduced risk of AD (HR ≤ 0.67 and P value < 0.001). GLP-1 receptor agonist initiation and SGLT-2 inhibitor initiation are associated with a reduced risk of AD. Randomized clinical trials are warranted to validate the causal beneficial effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors in AD. HIGHLIGHTS: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are significantly associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are significantly associated with a reduced risk of AD compared to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. Two GLP-1 receptor agonists (liraglutide and semaglutide) and three SGLT-2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, and empagliflozin) are associated with a reduced risk of AD in drug-specific sensitivity analyses.

Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris

APA 7th

Zhang, P., Mao, C., Sun, A., Yang, Y., Hou, Y., Fu, Z., et al. (2025). Real-world observations of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors as potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.70639

Vancouver

Zhang P, Mao C, Sun A, Yang Y, Hou Y, Fu Z, et al. Real-world observations of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors as potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association. 2025. doi:10.1002/alz.70639. PMID: 40898408.

BibTeX

@article{zhang2025-40898408,
  author  = {Zhang, Pengyue and Mao, Chengsheng and Sun, Anna and Yang, Yuedi and Hou, Yuan and Fu, Zhimin and Babak, Tousi and Leverenz, James B and others},
  title   = {{Real-world observations of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors as potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease}},
  journal = {Alzheimer's \& dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
  year    = {2025},
  doi     = {10.1002/alz.70639},
  pmid    = {40898408},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.70639}
}

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How to read this study

Design: our record does not state a study design, so check the methods section of the original before weighing the result.
Size: the record gives no participant count. Look for one in the original before trusting a pattern.
Effect: the record gives no effect size, so the summary above cannot say how large any difference was.

What the evidence grade means here

This page is graded high. alzhub.org assigns the grade automatically from keywords in the abstract, not from reading the paper. High means the abstract mentions a randomized design, a meta-analysis or a systematic review. It can add at most 5 of the 100 points in the study score, and it is a label about design, not a verdict on whether the findings are true.

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Key findings

We identified GLP-1 receptor agonist initiation compared to DPP-4 inhibitors initiation was associated with a reduced risk of AD (hazard ratio [HR] ≤ 0.69 and P value < 0.001) and SGLT-2 inhibitor initiation compared to DPP-4 inhibitor initiation was associated with a reduced risk of AD (HR ≤ 0.67 and P value < 0.001).
GLP-1 receptor agonist initiation and SGLT-2 inhibitor initiation are associated with a reduced risk of AD.
Randomized clinical trials are warranted to validate the causal beneficial effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors in AD.
HIGHLIGHTS: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are significantly associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors.
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are significantly associated with a reduced risk of AD compared to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors.

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Study details

Evidence strengthHigh

How this study scored 54/100

Published in a leading specialty journal. Scored zero for study design, sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomized / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on journal's citation record, times cited, citations per year, impact for its field and year, cited by studies here, still being cited, senior author's track record, institution's track record, multicenter collaboration and free to read, so those were left out: it earned 30 of the 56 points we could judge it on, which is 54 out of 100.

Component	Points	Why
Journal tier	9 / 10	Tier 2 — leading specialty journal (Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association)
Journal's citation record	— / 4	No journal record from OpenAlex — left out of this score
Study design	0 / 12	No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Strength of evidence	5 / 5	Rated “high” in our summary
Peer-review validation	10 / 10	Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal.
How recent	4 / 5	2025 — within 3 year(s) of the newest study here
Sample size	0 / 4	Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Effect reported	0 / 3	No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Studied in people	0 / 3	Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Randomized / blinded	0 / 2	No randomization or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Times cited	— / 7	No citation count (not found in OpenAlex) — left out of this score
Citations per year	— / 5	No citation count or no year — left out of this score
Impact for its field and year	— / 6	No field-weighted citation impact (OpenAlex has none yet) — left out of this score
Cited by studies here	— / 6	Not yet checked against this library's citation graph — left out of this score
Still being cited	— / 4	No yearly citation counts — left out of this score
Senior author's track record	— / 4	Senior author's record not available — left out of this score
Institution's track record	— / 3	No institution listed in OpenAlex — left out of this score
Multicenter collaboration	— / 3	Institutions not listed — left out of this score
Indexed in PubMed	2 / 2	Indexed in PubMed (PMID 40898408)
Free to read	— / 2	Access not recorded — left out of this score
Points	30 / 56	Scored on 10 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 30 of the 56 points we could judge it on is 54 out of 100.
Total	54 / 100	—

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