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Reactive microglia express class I and class II major histocompatibility complex antigens in Alzheimer's disease
Tooyama I, Kimura H, Akiyama H, McGeer PL.. Brain research, 1990-07-01
Topic: Amyloid, tau and blood-test diagnosis
Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (HLA-A,B,C) and class II (HLA-DR) antigens was studied in postmortem brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease and age-matched control cases. Monoclonal antibodies to class I antigens stained reactive microglia weakly to moderately and vascular endothelial cells strongly in Alzheimer's gray and white matter. Capillaries were also stained strongly in control brains, but only a few positively stained microglia could be observed in white matter. In Alzheimer cases, HLA-DR positive reactive microglia were more numerous and more strongly staining than MHC class I positive reactive microglia but many cells appeared to express both classes of antigen. Rare large cells of uncertain origin also stained positively for class I. Double immunostaining established that MHC class I positive cells were a separate population from glial fibrillary acidic-protein-positive astrocytes.
Key findings
- Monoclonal antibodies to class I antigens stained reactive microglia weakly to moderately and vascular endothelial cells strongly in Alzheimer's gray and white matter.
- Capillaries were also stained strongly in control brains, but only a few positively stained microglia could be observed in white matter.
- In Alzheimer cases, HLA-DR positive reactive microglia were more numerous and more strongly staining than MHC class I positive reactive microglia but many cells appeared to express both classes of antigen.
- Rare large cells of uncertain origin also stained positively for class I.
- Double immunostaining established that MHC class I positive cells were a separate population from glial fibrillary acidic-protein-positive astrocytes.
Study details
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 36/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on journal's citation record, times cited, citations per year, impact for its field and year, cited by studies here, still being cited, senior author's track record, institution's track record and multi-centre collaboration, so those were left out: it earned 21 of the 58 points we could judge it on, which is 36 out of 100.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Brain research) |
| Journal's citation record | — / 4 | No journal record from OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 1 / 5 | 1990 — older than 20 years, still counted |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | — / 7 | No citation count (not found in OpenAlex) — left out of this score |
| Citations per year | — / 5 | No citation count or no year — left out of this score |
| Impact for its field and year | — / 6 | No field-weighted citation impact (OpenAlex has none yet) — left out of this score |
| Cited by studies here | — / 6 | Not yet checked against this library's citation graph — left out of this score |
| Still being cited | — / 4 | No yearly citation counts — left out of this score |
| Senior author's track record | — / 4 | Senior author's record not available — left out of this score |
| Institution's track record | — / 3 | No institution listed in OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Multi-centre collaboration | — / 3 | Institutions not listed — left out of this score |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 2400911) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Points | 21 / 58 | Scored on 11 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 21 of the 58 points we could judge it on is 36 out of 100. |
| Total | 36 / 100 | — |
What each of these 20 components measures, and what this score is not →
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APA 7th
Tooyama, I., Kimura, H., Akiyama, H., & McGeer, P. L. (1990). Reactive microglia express class I and class II major histocompatibility complex antigens in Alzheimer's disease. Brain research. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(90)91496-4
Vancouver
Tooyama I, Kimura H, Akiyama H, McGeer PL. Reactive microglia express class I and class II major histocompatibility complex antigens in Alzheimer's disease. Brain research. 1990. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)91496-4. PMID: 2400911.
BibTeX
@article{tooyama1990-2400911,
author = {Tooyama, I. and Kimura, H. and Akiyama, H. and McGeer, P. L.},
title = {{Reactive microglia express class I and class II major histocompatibility complex antigens in Alzheimer's disease}},
journal = {Brain research},
year = {1990},
doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)91496-4},
pmid = {2400911},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(90)91496-4}
}