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Probenecid relieves LPS-induced neuroinflammation by modulating the NLRP1 inflammasome pathway in BV2 cells
Xiaoxuan Wang, Haozhe Tian, Shifei Chen, Liangliang Ying, Juan Zheng, Yaya Song, Jin Xi, Yuxin Zhang et al.. Scientific reports, 2025-10-08
Topic: Inflammation, microglia and astrocytes
Inflammation is a key factor in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) development, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Microglial cells maintain immune microenvironment homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) and are actively involved in neuroinflammation. Therefore, inhibiting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation may provide therapeutic benefits in treating NDs. Probenecid (Prob), a sulfonamide derivative, has demonstrated neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of Prob in a neuroinflammatory model which was established by stimulating BV2 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The oxidative stress was assessed by measuring the nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and RT-qPCR. The wound-healing assay and phagocytosis assay were employed to examine the migration and phagocytosis capacity of BV2 cells, respectively. The mRNA expression of CD16, CD206, iNOS, and Arg-1 was measured using RT-qPCR, while Western blot was used to analyze inflammasome-associated protein levels. The results indicated that Prob suppressed LPS-induced microglial activation and reduced TNF-α and IL-1β production. Moreover, Prob attenuated the migration and phagocytosis capacities of BV2 cells and inhibited oxidative stress. Prob regulated the immune microenvironment, as shown by reduced M1 markers (iNOS and CD16) and increased M2 markers (Arg-1 and CD206). However, the NLRP1 inflammasome activator (muramyl dipeptide, MDP) reversed the effects of Prob. In conclusion, Prob could alleviate LPS-induced inflammation by modulating the NLRP1 inflammasome pathway.
Key findings
- Probenecid (Prob), a sulfonamide derivative, has demonstrated neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties.
- The results indicated that Prob suppressed LPS-induced microglial activation and reduced TNF-α and IL-1β production.
- In conclusion, Prob could alleviate LPS-induced inflammation by modulating the NLRP1 inflammasome pathway.
Study details
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 43/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on journal's citation record, times cited, citations per year, impact for its field and year, cited by studies here, still being cited, senior author's track record, institution's track record, multi-centre collaboration and free to read, so those were left out: it earned 24 of the 56 points we could judge it on, which is 43 out of 100.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Scientific reports) |
| Journal's citation record | — / 4 | No journal record from OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 4 / 5 | 2025 — within 3 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | — / 7 | No citation count (not found in OpenAlex) — left out of this score |
| Citations per year | — / 5 | No citation count or no year — left out of this score |
| Impact for its field and year | — / 6 | No field-weighted citation impact (OpenAlex has none yet) — left out of this score |
| Cited by studies here | — / 6 | Not yet checked against this library's citation graph — left out of this score |
| Still being cited | — / 4 | No yearly citation counts — left out of this score |
| Senior author's track record | — / 4 | Senior author's record not available — left out of this score |
| Institution's track record | — / 3 | No institution listed in OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Multi-centre collaboration | — / 3 | Institutions not listed — left out of this score |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 41062518) |
| Free to read | — / 2 | Access not recorded — left out of this score |
| Points | 24 / 56 | Scored on 10 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 24 of the 56 points we could judge it on is 43 out of 100. |
| Total | 43 / 100 | — |
What each of these 20 components measures, and what this score is not →
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Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris
Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. The record's author list ends in “et al.”, so not every author is named. Check the citation against the original before you use it.
APA 7th
Wang, X., Tian, H., Chen, S., Ying, L., Zheng, J., Song, Y., et al. (2025). Probenecid relieves LPS-induced neuroinflammation by modulating the NLRP1 inflammasome pathway in BV2 cells. Scientific reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19015-5
Vancouver
Wang X, Tian H, Chen S, Ying L, Zheng J, Song Y, et al. Probenecid relieves LPS-induced neuroinflammation by modulating the NLRP1 inflammasome pathway in BV2 cells. Scientific reports. 2025. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-19015-5. PMID: 41062518.
BibTeX
@article{wang2025-41062518,
author = {Wang, Xiaoxuan and Tian, Haozhe and Chen, Shifei and Ying, Liangliang and Zheng, Juan and Song, Yaya and Xi, Jin and Zhang, Yuxin and others},
title = {{Probenecid relieves LPS-induced neuroinflammation by modulating the NLRP1 inflammasome pathway in BV2 cells}},
journal = {Scientific reports},
year = {2025},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-19015-5},
pmid = {41062518},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19015-5}
}
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