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57/100

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 57 out of 100. Risk factors

Topic: Risk, prevention and care in population studies

Participants (n = 2,392) had a mean age of 74.4 years, 60.4% were female, and 17.1% were of self-reported Black race. The "Full" model with race alongside demographic and SDoH measures consistently outperformed other nested submodels (likelihood ratios ≥ 100) for all domains/tests except Delayed Word Recall. Models with education quality alone ("WRAT") generally outperformed models with neighborhood deprivation ("ADI") or race ("Race") alone for memory and language tests while "Race" models performed better for executive function tests. Adding neighborhood deprivation to education quality ("WRAT + ADI") did not improve models vs using "WRAT" alone. Across all domains/tests, the concordance compared with the "Full" model was lower for "Education" and "ADI" models than for other nested models. Although numbers were small, there was greater discordance among Black (range = 8.2%-23.2%) compared with White (range = 2.2%-3.4%) participants, particularly for Boston Naming Test and executive function tests. Education quality outperformed neighborhood disadvantage as an additional/alternative SDoH measure in normative models and may be useful to collect in cognitive aging studies. While performance varied across cognitive domains and tests, routinely reported SDoH variables (education level, education quality, late-life neighborhood deprivation) did not fully account for observed ethnoracial variability; future work should evaluate SDoH across the lifespan in more ethnoracially diverse populations.

Key findings

Participants (n = 2,392) had a mean age of 74.4 years, 60.4% were female, and 17.1% were of self-reported Black race.
The "Full" model with race alongside demographic and SDoH measures consistently outperformed other nested submodels (likelihood ratios ≥ 100) for all domains/tests except Delayed Word Recall.
Models with education quality alone ("WRAT") generally outperformed models with neighborhood deprivation ("ADI") or race ("Race") alone for memory and language tests while "Race" models performed better for executive function tests.
Adding neighborhood deprivation to education quality ("WRAT + ADI") did not improve models vs using "WRAT" alone.
Across all domains/tests, the concordance compared with the "Full" model was lower for "Education" and "ADI" models than for other nested models.

Why it matters

This study evaluated alternatives to race-based cognitive normative models using social determinants of health. It concerns cognitive test interpretation, not treating, curing, or preventing Alzheimer's disease.

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Study details

Study designcross-sectional
Participants2,392
Effect size60.4%; 17.1%; 8.2%
Evidence strengthLow

How this study scored 57/100

Published in a leading specialty journal, and it is a snapshot of people at one point in time. Scored zero for randomised / blinded because the record does not state it.

Component	Points	Why
Journal tier	9 / 10	Tier 2 — leading specialty journal (Neurology)
Journal's citation record	4 / 4	Neurology: journal h-index 525 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29)
Study design	4 / 12	A snapshot of people at one point in time
Strength of evidence	1 / 5	Rated “low” in our summary
Peer-review validation	10 / 10	Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal.
How recent	4 / 5	2024 — within 3 year(s) of the newest study here
Sample size	3 / 4	2,392 participants
Effect reported	2 / 3	Effect reported as a number, without an interval or test
Studied in people	3 / 3	Studied in people (participant count stated)
Randomised / blinded	0 / 2	No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0)
Times cited	2 / 7	Cited 7 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10)
Citations per year	1 / 5	1.8 citations a year over 4 year(s) since 2024
Impact for its field and year	2 / 6	Cited 1.9× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI)
Cited by studies here	0 / 6	No other study in this library cites it
Still being cited	1 / 4	Cited 7 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex)
Senior author's track record	3 / 4	Last-listed author Michael E Griswold: h-index 57 (OpenAlex, whole career)
Institution's track record	2 / 3	Johns Hopkins University: institution h-index 2,306 (OpenAlex)
Multi-centre collaboration	2 / 3	OpenAlex lists 4 institution(s) in 1 country
Indexed in PubMed	2 / 2	Indexed in PubMed (PMID 39546740)
Free to read	2 / 2	Free to read
Total	57 / 100	—

What each of these 20 components measures, and what this score is not →

Read the original

Full text: free to read — OpenAlex lists this copy as free to read: the link above (checked 6 Feb 1020).

Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris

Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. The record's author list ends in “et al.”, so not every author is named. Check the citation against the original before you use it.

APA 7th

Schneider, A. L., Reyes, A., Henegan, J. A., Kamath, V. J., Wruck, L. M., Pike, J. R., et al. (2024). Evaluating Social Determinants of Health–Based Alternatives to Race-Based Cognitive Normative Models. Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000210030

Vancouver

Schneider AL, Reyes A, Henegan JA, Kamath VJ, Wruck LM, Pike JR, et al. Evaluating Social Determinants of Health–Based Alternatives to Race-Based Cognitive Normative Models. Neurology. 2024. doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000210030. PMID: 39546740.

BibTeX

@article{schneider2024-39546740,
  author  = {Schneider, Andrea L.C. and Reyes, Anny and Henegan, James A. and Kamath, Vidyulata J. and Wruck, Lisa Miller and Pike, James Russell and Gross, Alden L. and Walker, Keenan A. and others},
  title   = {{Evaluating Social Determinants of Health–Based Alternatives to Race-Based Cognitive Normative Models}},
  journal = {Neurology},
  year    = {2024},
  doi     = {10.1212/wnl.0000000000210030},
  pmid    = {39546740},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000210030}
}

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